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13! Flashcards

1
Q

the concentration of glucose in active regions of the brain underlies the usefulness of a(n):

MRI.
brain lesion.
EEG.
PET scan.
hemispherectomy.

A

PET scan

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2
Q

the movement of positively charged ions across the membrane of a neuron can produce a(n):

action potential.
synapse.
neurotransmitters.
myelin sheath.
interneuron

A

action potential

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3
Q

which if the following is the component of the limbic system that plays an essential role in the processing of new memories?

hypothalamus
thalamus
hippocampus
medulla
cerebellum

A

hippocampus

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4
Q

thinking about sex (in your brain’s cerebral cortex) can stimulate a region of the limbic system to secrete hormones. These hormones trigger the pituitary gland to influence hormones released by other glands in the body. Which brain region influences the endocrine system?

hippocampus
amygdala
thalamus
reticular formation
hypothalamus

A

hypothalamus

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5
Q

motor neurons are an important part of the

limbic system.
reticular formation.
peripheral nervous system.
brainstem
motor cortex

A

peripheral nervous system

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6
Q

With regard to the process of neural transmission, a refractory period refers to a time interval which:

-a neuron fires more rapidly than usual.
-an electrical charge travels from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron.
-positively charged ions are pumped back outside a neural membrane.
-am individual reflexively withdraws from a pain stimulus.
-dendrites transmit more electrical signals to axons.

A

dendrites transmit more electrical signals to axons.

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7
Q

In 1848, Phineas Gage, a railroad construction foreman, survived when an explosion drove an iron
rod through his head. The once friendly, soft-spoken Gage became irritable and dishonest. Gage’s
case provided evidence that which region of the brain plays a role in personality and behavior:

-temporal lobes
-frontal sensory cortex
-frontal lobes
-parietal lobes
-Broca’s area

A

frontal lobes

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8
Q

neural networks refer to:

-the branching extensions of a neuron.
-interconnected clusters of neurons in the central nervous system
-neural cables containing many axons.
-junctions between sending and receiving neurons.
-neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body.

A

interconnected clusters
Of neurons in the central nervous system

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9
Q

What are the molecules that are similar enough to a neurotransmitter to bind to its receptor sites on a
dendrite and mimic that neurotransmitter’s effects called?

agonists
antagonists
endorphins
endocrines
action potentials

A

agonists

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10
Q

Which lobes of the brain receive the input that enables you to feel someone scratching your back?

parietal
temporal
occipital
trontal
cerebral.

A

parietal

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11
Q

Direct stimulation of the motor cortex would be most likely to result in:

-feelings of anger.
-acceleration of heartbeat
-a sensation of being touched on the arm.
-movement of the mouth and lips.
-intense pain.

A

movement of mouth and lips

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12
Q

Psychologist Michael Gazzaniga asked split-brain patients to stare at a dot as he flashed HE•ART on
a screen. HE appeared in the left visual field, ART in the right. When asked to point to the word with
their left hand, patients pointed to:

HE.
ART.
HEART.
EA
nothing. They were unable to complete the task.

A

HE

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13
Q

Resting potential is to action potential as ____ is to ____:

adrenal gland; pituitary gland
sensory neuron, motor neuron
temporal lobe; occipital lobe
polarization; depolarization
dendrite: axon

A

polarization; depolarization

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14
Q

Which region of your brainstem plays a role in arousing you to a state of alertness when someone
nearby mentions your name?

reticular formation
cerebellum
hypothalamus
amygdala
medulla

A

reticular formation

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15
Q

If Professor Kosiba lesions the amygdala pf a laboratory rat, the rat will most likely become:

hungry.
sexually aroused.
physically uncoordinated.
less aggressive
aphasic

A

less aggressive

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16
Q

In transmitting sensory information to the brain, an electrical signal travels from the ___ of a single neuron:

-cell body to the axon to the dendrites
-dendrites to the axon to the cell body
-axon to the cell body to the dendrites
-dendrites to the cell body to the axon
-axon to the dendrites to the cell body

A

dendrites to the cell body to the axon

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17
Q

One function of the glial cells is to:

-control heartbeat and breathing.
-mimic the effects of neurotransmitters.
-provide nutrients to interneurons.
-stimulate the production of hormones.
-control the muscle movements involved in speech.

A

provide nutrients to interneurons

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18
Q

An all-Or-none response pattern is characteristic of the:

-initiation of neural impulses.
-release of endorphins into the central nervous system
-release of hormones into the bloodstream.
-activation of either the sympathetic or the parasympathetic system.
-excitation of the antagonistic hormonal system.

A

initiation of neural impulses

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19
Q

Information travels from the spinal cord to the brain via:

-interneurons
-the circulatory system
-sensory neurons
-the sympathetic nervous system
-the endocrine system.

A

interneurons

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20
Q

Which brain area is primarily involved with understanding and producing meaningful speech?

sensor cortex
angular gyrus
association areas
Wernickes area
hypothalamus

A

wernicke’s area

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21
Q

Psychologist Michael Gazzaniga asked split-brain patients to stare at a dot as he flashed HE•ART on
a screen. HE appeared in the left visual field, ART in the right. When asked, patients said they saw:

HE.
ART.
HEART.
EA.
nothing. They were unable to complete the task.

A

art

22
Q

When Mr. Valdez thought his 1-year-old daughter had fallen down the stairs, his heartbeat
accelerated, his blood pressure rose, and he began to perspire heavily. Mr. Valdez’s state of arousal
was activated by his ____ nervous system.

parasympathetic
sympathetic
somatic
sensorimotor
central

A

sympathetic

23
Q

An accelerated heartbeat is to a slowed heartbeat as the ___ nervous system is to the ____ nervous system.

somatic; autonomic
autonomic; somatic
central; peripheral
sympathetic; parasympathetic
parasympathetic; sympathetic

A

sympathetic; parasympathetic

24
Q

The somatic nervous system is a component of the _____ nervous system:

peripheral
automatic
central
parasympathetic
sympathetic

A

peripheral

25
Q

A PET scan of a patient looking at a photograph of a painting would most likely indicate high levels of activity in which brain structure?

sensorv cortex
Broca’s area
corpus callosum
occipital lobes
frontal lobes

A

occipital lobes

26
Q

Which brain structure relays information from the eves to the visual cortex?

thalamus
amygdala
medulla
hippocampus
cerebellum

A

thalamus

27
Q

The medulla is to the control of ____
as the cerebellum is to the control of _____

eating; sleeping
breathing, walking
memory, attention
hearing, seeing

A

breathing, walking

28
Q

Sheelah was able to jerk her hand out of the scalding water before sensing any pain because this
withdrawal reflex:

-was activated by interneurons in her spinal cord.
-did not involve activity in her central nervous system.
-was activated by the rapidly responding brain.
-was activated by her self-regulating autonomic nervous system.
-was controlled by both her nervous system and impulses from her endocrine system

A

was activated by interneurons in her spinal cord.

29
Q

Neurosurgeons have severed the corpus callosum in human patients in order to reduce:

aphasia.
epileptic seizures.
depression
neural plasticity.
reward deficiency syndrome

A

epileptic seizures

30
Q

The sequence of brain regions from the evolutionarily oldest to newest is:

-limbic system; brainstem; cerebral cortex.
-brainstem: cerebral cortex: limbic system.
-limbic system; cerebral cortex; brainstem.
-brainstem: limbie system; cerebral cortex.
-cerebral cortex: brainstem: limbic system.

A

brainstem: limbie system; cerebral cortex.

31
Q

research on left handed news suggests that:

-genes or prenatal factors play a role in handedness.
-a greater proportion of women than men are left-handed.
-left-handers generally demonstrate less artistic competence than right-handers
-most left-handers process language primarily in their right hemisphere.
-left-handers live longer than right-handers.

A

genes or prenatal factors play a role in handedness.

32
Q

Your life would be most immediately threatened if you suffered destruction of the:

amygddld.
hippocampus.
angular
gyrus.
medulla.
corpus callosum

A

medulla

33
Q

Molecules that are similar enough to a neurotransmitter to bind to its receptor sites on a dendrite and
block that neurotransmitter’s effects are called what?

agonists
antagonists
endorphins
endocrines
action potentials

A

antagonists

34
Q

If a professor accused you of cheating on a test, your adrenal glands would probably release ____ into your bloodstream:

endorphins
acetylcholine
epinephrine
insulin
seratonin

A

epinephrine

35
Q

When asked to describe a picture that showed two boys stealing cookies behind a woman’s back, a
patient replied, “Mother is away her working her work to get her better, but when she’s looking the two
bovs looking the other part.” Which brain region has most likely been damaged?

Brocas area
angular gyrus
corpus callosum
Wericke’s area
parietal lobes

A

wernickes area

36
Q

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into:

synaptic gaps.
the bloodstream.
dendrites.
sensory neurons
interneurons.

A

the bloodstream

37
Q

Ellen volunteers during her AP psychology class to try to balance a yardstick on her two fingers.
While her eyes are open, she finds the task quite easy. However, when she closes her eyes, she finds
the same task almost impossible. Which brain region relies on visual information in coordinating our
voluntary movements?

hypothalamus
reticular tormation
thalamus
amygdala
cerebellum

A

cerebellum

38
Q

Within a single neuron the action potential:

-is generated in the dendrites.
-will be slower if myelin is present.
-depends on the movement of charged calcium atoms.
-travels in one direction toward the axon terminals.
-crosses the synapse to the adjacent neurons.

A

travels in one direction toward the axon terminals.

39
Q

The function of dendrites is to:

-receive incoming signals from other neurons.
-release neurotransmitters into the spatial junctions between neurons.
-coordinate the activation of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
-control pain through the release of opiate-like chemicals into the brain.
-transmit signals to other neurons.

A

receive incoming signals from other neurons

40
Q

The ovaries in females and the testes in males are part of the:

peripheral system
endocrine system.
sympathetic nervous system
somatic svstem.
central nervous system

A

endocrine system

41
Q

The benefits of brain plasticity are most clearly demonstrated in:

-children who have had a cerebral hemisphere surgically removed.
-people paralyzed by a severed spinal cord
-individuals with Alzhemmers disease.
-adults with anhasia
-people free of any disease or brain damage

A

children who have had a cerebral hemisphere surgically removed.

42
Q

For you to be able to run, _____
must relay messages from your central nervous system to your
leg muscles.

interneurons
agonists
sensory neurons
the autonomic nervous system
motor neurons

A

motor neurons

43
Q

In a recent car accident, Tamiko sustained damage to his right cerebral hemisphere. This injury is
most likely to reduce Tamiko’s ability to:

-facially express emotions.
-solve arithmetic problems.
-understand simple verbal requests.
-process information in an orderly sequence.
-control his aggression.

A

facially express emotions

44
Q

reuptake refers to:

-movement of neurotransmitter molecules across a synaptic gap.
-release of hormones into the bloodstream.
-inflow of positively charged ions through an axon membrane.
-reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuron.
-the ending of the refractory period

A

reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuron.

45
Q

Damage to the left cerebral hemisphere is most likely to reduce people’s ability to:

speak fluently
copy drawings
recognize faces
recognize familiar melodies.
see colors.

A

speak fluently

46
Q

the parietal lobes are to ___ as occipital lobes are to ____

sensing touch; seeing
hearing; speaking
sensing pleasure; sensing pain
tasting: smelling
speaking; seeing

A

sensing touch, seeing

47
Q

If a blind person uses one finger to read Braille, the brain area dedicated to that finger expands as the
sense of touch invades the visual cortex. This is an example of:

-brain plasticity.
-hemispheric specialization.
-neural prosthetics.
-integrated association areas
-aphasia

A

brain plasticity

48
Q

The ability to simultaneously copy different figures with the right and left hand is most characteristic
of those whose ____ has been cut.

angular gyrus
reticular formation
corpus callosum
motor cortex
sensory cortex

A

corpus callosum

49
Q

the occipital loves are to ___ as the temporal lobes are to ____

hearing; sensing movement
seeing; sensing touch
sensing pleasure; sensing pain
seeing: hearing
speaking; hearing

A

seeing, hearing

50
Q

The auditory hallucinations experienced by people with schizophrenia are most closely linked with the activation of areas in which brain area?

motor cortex
amygdala
temporal lobes
hypothalamus
sensory cortex

A

temporal lobes

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