12.7

Question 1

What are non communicable diseases?

Answer 1

• cannot be passed from one person to another

- includes most forms of cancer and diseases of the nervous, endocrine and digestive system

Question 2

What is natural active immunity?

Answer 2

• the first time you encounter a pathogen, your immune system is activated and antibodies are formed which results in the destruction of a pathogen before it causes a disease system
• The second encounter of a pathogen, your immune system will recognise the antigens can immediately destroy the pathoen
• This is natural active immunity because the body has to produce antibodies and memory cells

Question 3

What is natural passive immunity?

Answer 3

• new born baby is not mature so cannot make antibodies for itself
• Antibodies are passed from the mother to the baby via the placenta or through breastfeeding
• Breast milk contains a high concentration of antibodies called colostrum
• Lasts until the baby begins to make its own antibodies- usually a couple of months

Question 4

What is artificial immunity?

Answer 4

something external is being put into the body to provide immunity

Question 5

What is artificial passive immunity?

Answer 5

• antibodies made in one individual are often extracted and injected into the bloodstream of another individual
• Gives temporary immunity
• Used to treat diseases like tetanus

Question 6

What is artificial active immunity?

Answer 6

• the immune system is stimulated to make its own antibodies to a safe form of antigen- this is a vaccine
• Vaccines are injected in the bloodstream, the pathogen is inactive, killed or severely weakened (attenuated) so there is no risk of infection
• Genetically modified antigens could also be used
• Toxin molecules have been altered and detoxified like tetanus
• Isolated antigens extracted from the pathogen and genetically engineered antigens, this triggers the primary response resulting in the production of memory cells
• Then if you encounter a live pathogen a secondary response is triggered which is much quicker
• Boosters can be provided to increase the time your are immune to a disease

Question 7

What is an autoimmune disease?

Answer 7

Immune system stops recognising self antigens and starts to attack healthy body tissue

Question 8

What are the types of autoimmune diseases?

Answer 8

Type 1 diabetes, Arthritis, Lupus