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Biology CAP 3 > 12.5 Studying cells > Flashcards

12.5 Studying cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Membrane bound organelles
Plants, algae, fungi, animal

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2
Q

Animal cells

A

Eukaryotic
Has mitochondria and chloroplasts

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3
Q

Nucleus structure

A

Double membrane
Nuclear membrane
Nucleolus
Nuclear pore
Chromatin

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4
Q

Nucleus function

A

Stores genetic information for polypeptide production
Site of DANA replication
Site of production of mRNA (transcription) and tRNA
Site of production of rRNA

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5
Q

Mitochondria structure

A

Crista
Matrix
Circular DNA
70s ribosomes
Phosphate granule
Inner membrane

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6
Q

Mitochondria function

A

Site of ATP production by aerobic respiration
Cells that need lots of ATP have lots of mitochondria

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7
Q

Rough endolasmic reticulum structure

A

Cisternae
80s ribosomes
Joined to nucleus

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8
Q

Rough ER function

A

Synthesises and transports proteins through the cell

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9
Q

Smooth ER structure

A

Highly folded membranes flattened into sacks (cisternae)

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10
Q

Smooth ER function

A

Recombines glycerol and fatty acids to make triglycerides
Packages triglycerides inti vesicles and transports them to Golgi body

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10
Q

Smooth ER function

A

Recombines glycerol and fatty acids to make triglycerides
Packages triglycerides inti vesicles and transports them to Golgi body

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11
Q

Cytoplasmic ribosome structure

A

2 subunits
Long strands of rRNA and ribosomal proteins
80s ribosomes in eukaryotes

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12
Q

Cytoplasmic ribosome function

A

Site of protein synthesis from amino acid

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13
Q

Golgi structure

A

Flattened sacks made of membrane
Golgi vesicles pinch off membrane

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14
Q

Golgi function

A

Sorts, modifies and packages proteins into vesicles
Forms lysosomes

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15
Q

Lysosome structure

A

Membrane bound organelles that stores hydrolysis enzymes

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16
Q

.hsosome function

A

Hydrolyse invading pathogens with hydrolysis enzymes

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17
Q

Cell membrane structure

A

Made of phospholipids , transport proteins and carbohydrates in the fluid mosaic model

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18
Q

Cell membrane function

A

Controls the passage of molecules in and out of cell

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19
Q

Centrioles structure

A

Microtubules

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20
Q

Centrioles fincyion

A

Forms network spindle fibres
Chromosomes attach
Pull chromosomes apart during mitosis

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21
Q

Chloroplasts structure

A

Granum
Thylakoid mem

21
Q

Chloroplasts structure

A

Granum
Thylakoid membrane
Stroma
Starch grains
DNA and ribosomes

22
Q

Granum

A

Stack of thylakoid membranes

23
Q

Thylakoid membranes

A

Contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis and ATP synthase to produce ATP

24
Q

Stroma

A

Fluid filled, some photosynthesis reactions occur here

25
Q

Starch gra8ns

A

Energy storage molecules in plants

26
Q

DNA and ribosomes

A

Contain their own DNA and 70s ribosomes for synthesis of enzymes needed for photosynthesis

27
Q

Cellulose cell wall

A

Made of many beta glucose monomers
Many weak hydrogen bonds
Limits the volume of water that can move into the cell and stops osmotic lysis
Permeable wall
Has plamodesmata - gaps in the cell walls to connect cells together

28
Q

Differences in plants and animal cells

A

Plant cells have cellulose cell walls whereas animal cells don’t
Plant cells have chloroplasts whereas animal cells don’t
Plant cells have a large central vacuole whereas animal cells don’t
Plant cells have carbohydrates stored as starch whereas animal cells store it as glycogen
Plant cells have no centrioles whereas animal cells do

29
Q

Differences in plants and animal cells

A

Plant cells have cellulose cell walls whereas animal cells don’t
Plant cells have chloroplasts whereas animal cells don’t
Plant cells have a large central vacuole whereas animal cells don’t
Plant cells have carbohydrates stored as starch whereas animal cells store it as glycogen
Plant cells have no centrioles whereas animal cells do

30
Q

Prokaryotic

A

No nucleus
No membrane bound organelles
Circular DNA
Not associated with histone proteins

31
Q

Viruses

A

Not alive
Contain DNA OR RNA, single or double stranded
Surrounded by protein coat
Attachment proteins
Enzymes used to replicate genetic material in the host cells DNA

32
Q

Resolution

A

The ability to distinguish between 2 objects that are close together

33
Q

The shorter the wavelength of light…

A

The better the resolution

34
Q

Electron microscopes

A

Transmission electron microscope
Scanning electron microscope
Beams of electrons

35
Q

Transmission electron microscope

A

Electrons pass through specimen
View internal structures
Less dense areas absorb less electrons and are lighter (cytoplasm)
2D

36
Q

Scanning electron microscope

A

Specimens not sliced
Electrons bounce off the surface of the specimen
Black and white
3D

37
Q

Describe the principles and limitations of using a TEM to investigate cell structure (5)

A

Principles:
- Electrons pass through very thin specimen
- Denser parts absorb more electrons
- Appear darker
- Electrons have short wavelength so give high resolution
Limitations:
- Cannot look at living material
- Specimen must be thing
- Artefacts present
- Complex straining method

38
Q

Give one advantage of using a TEM rather than a SEM

A

Higher resolution which allows details to be viewed within the cell

39
Q

Give one advantage of using a SEM rather than a TEM

A

Thin sections do not need to be prepared
Produces 3D images

40
Q

Explain the advantages and limitations of using a TEM to investigate cell structure

A

Advantages:
- Small objects can be seen
- TEM has a higher resolution
- Wavelength of electrons shorter
Limitations:
- Cannot look at living cells
- Must be in a vacuum
- Must be cut thin
- Preparation may create artefacts (false images)

41
Q

Describe how you would make a temporary mount

A
  1. Add a drop of water to the slide
  2. Get a thin section of plant tissue and float on the drop of water
  3. Stain with KI solution
  4. Lower the cover slip using a mounted needle to avoid air bubbles
42
Q

Describe how you could use an eyepiece graticule to determine the mean diameter of the stomata

A
  1. Measure each stomata using an eyepiece graticule
  2. Calibrate the eyepiece graticule against a stage micrometer
  3. Take at least 5 measurements and calculate mean
43
Q

Magnification formula

A

Magnification = Image size / Actual size

44
Q

1m = …mm

A

1000mm

45
Q

1mm=…microm

A

1000 micrometers

46
Q

1micrometer=…nm

A

1000nm

47
Q

Method for separating organelles

A
  1. Tissue is homogenised in a blender to break open the cells releasing the organelles into a solution
  2. The solution must be ice cold, buffered and isotonic.
  3. Filter the mixture to remove any large pieces of tissue
  4. Centrifuge at a high speed, the densest organelles are forced to the bottom of the test tube into a pellet which is removed
  5. Centrifuge at a higher speed for longer so the next densest organelles are formed into a pellet
48
Q

Densest organelle to least dense

A

Nucleus
MItochondria/chloroplast
Ribosomes

49
Q

Ice cold

A

Reduces the action of enzymes that would digest organelles

50
Q

Isotonic

A

Prevents osmosis of water in or out of organelles so they don’t burst or shrivel

51
Q

Buffered

A

To stop pH changes which could denature proteins

Biology CAP 3 (4 decks)

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