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B12- RESPIRATION > 12.4- ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION > Flashcards

12.4- ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION Flashcards

1
Q

What cannot continue in the absence of oxygen?

A

neither Krebs cycle nor electron transfer chain can continue

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2
Q

Why can neither the Krebs cycle nor electron transfer chain continue in the absence of oxygen?

A

as soon all the FAD + NAD will be reduced

no FAD/ NAD will be available to take up H+ produced during Krebs cycle and so enzymes stop working

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3
Q

When oxygen is absent, what is the only potential source of ATP?

A

anaerobic process of glycolysis

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4
Q

What must happen for glycolysis to continue?

A

products of pyruvate + hydrogen must be constantly removed

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5
Q

What must happen in particular for glycolysis to continue?

A

hydrogen must be released from reduced NAD to regenerate NAD

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6
Q

Why must NAD be regenerated for glycolysis to continue?

A

to take up hydrogen newly produced from glycolysis

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7
Q

How is the replenishment of NAD achieved for glycolysis?

A

by pyruvate molecule from glycolysis accepting hydrogen from reduced NAD

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8
Q

In eukaryotic cells, what are the only two types of anaerobic respiration that occur within any regularity?

A

in plants + microorganisms i.e. yeast- pyruvate converted to ethanol + CO2

in animals, pyruvate converted to lactate

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9
Q

How is ethanol produced in anaerobic respiration in organisms i.e. certain bacteria + fungi + higher plants?

A

pyruvate molecule formed at end of glycolysis loses a molecule of CO2 + accepts hydrogen from reduced NAG to produce ethanol

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10
Q

What is the summary equation for the formation of ethanol in anaerobic respiration in organisms i.e. certain bacteria + fungi + higher plants?

A

pyruvate + reduced NAD -> ethanol + carbon dioxide + oxidised NAD

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11
Q

How is wine/ beer produced using anaerobic respiration from yeast?

A

yeast grown in anaerobic conditions in which it ferments natural carbohydrates in plant products i.e. grapes (wine) or barley seeds (beer) into ethanol

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12
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration leading to production of lactate occur and why?

A

animals as means of overcoming temporary shortage of oxygen

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13
Q

Where does lactate production occur most commonly?

A

in muscles as a result of strenuous exercise

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14
Q

How can oxygen debt occur?

A

when oxygen used up more rapidly than it can be supplied

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15
Q

What happens when oxygen is in short supply in animals? (hint: accumulate)

A

NAD from glycolysis can accumulate + must be removed

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16
Q

When oxygen is in short supply, and NAD from glycolysis accumulates, how is it removed?

A

each pyruvate molecule produced takes up the two hydrogen atoms from reduced NAD produced in glycolysis to form lactate

17
Q

What is the overall equation for the formation of lactate in anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

pyruvate + reduced NAD -> lactate + oxidised NAD

18
Q

What happens at some point to the lactate produced in anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

oxidised back to pyruvate

19
Q

What can happen to the lactate once it has been oxidised?

A

can be further oxidised to release energy or converted into glycogen

20
Q

When can the lactate formed during anaerobic respiration in animals be oxidised?

A

once oxygen available again

21
Q

What will the accumulation of lactate in muscle tissue cause?

A

will cause cramp + muscle fatigue

22
Q

What changes can only occur from the accumulation of lactate and why?

A

can cause change in pH which affects enzymes as it’s an acid

23
Q

Where it lactate taken to, to be converted to glycogen?

A

liver

24
Q

What are the two ways energy from cellular respiration derived?

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

oxidative phosphorylation

25
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

in glycolysis + Krebs cycle

26
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

direct transfer of phosphate form respiratory intermediate to ADP to produce ATP

27
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

electron transfer chain

28
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

indirect linking of energy from phosphate to ADP to produce ATP involving energy from hydrogen atoms that are carried on NAD + FAD
cells produce most of their ATP in this way

29
Q

What is anaerobic respiration converted to?

A

either ethanol or lactate

30
Q

As pyruvate is converted to either ethanol or lactate in anaerobic respiration, what does this mean?

A

it’s not available for the Krebs cycle

31
Q

What does not occur in anaerobic respiration?

A

Krebs cycle or electron transfer chain

32
Q

Where is ATP only formed in anaerobic respiration?

A

glycolysis

B12- RESPIRATION (4 decks)

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