12.3 tnct _ terms n supposition Flashcards
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term
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a sensible conventional sign expressive of an idea; must be able to be perceived by the sense faculty of man ; written and spoken words
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Kind of Terms
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- from the standpoint of perfect and imperfect signification
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a. univocal. constantly used in an identical sense.
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b. equivocal. used in entirely different meanings
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c. analogous. applied to unlike
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but related
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■ proportion. applied to unlike things because of some proportion or resemblance existing between them
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■ attribution. applied in an absolute sense to one thing and is then attributed to other things because of an intrinsic relation which
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they have toward the first.
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d. fixed. signification remains the same.
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e. vague. subject to many shades and degrees of meaning; meaning shifts according to the viewpoint and use of the individual speaker.
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- from the standpoint of comprehension
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a. positive / negative
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positive. signifies a real
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actual thing
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negative. signifies the absence of a thing
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b. concrete / abstract
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concrete. have materiality
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abstract. do not have materiality
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c. simple / compound
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simple. consists of a single word
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compound. term consists of more than one word
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d. connex / disparate
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connex. one idea necessarily either includes or excludes the other; ex: “father — child
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disparate. neither necessarily include nor necessarily exclude each other; ex: ‘man — black’
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e. real / logical
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real. terms of ‘first intention’ ; words that are commonly used
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logical. terms of ‘second intention’; words that are rarely used
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3. from the standpoint of extension
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a. singular. applies to one individual only
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b. universal. expresses a universal idea and can be applied to each individual of a class and to the class itself
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c. particular. universal term taken partly and in determinately. Words like ‘some
’ ‘many
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make it particular;
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d. collective. stands for a collective idea
one that represents a class
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supposition. use of a term for the thing which it signifies
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kinds of supposition.
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1. material / formal
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material. consider it merely as a word
without any regard to its inherent meaning.
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formal. consider it according to its signification
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a. logical. used the term according to its logical existence in the operations of the mind
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b. real. used for anything in its natural being or existence
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○ absolute. designates merely the nature as such
without any reference to the individuals who are the bearers of this nature.
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○ personal. signifies both the nature and the bearers of this common nature
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■ collective. the term applies to all ta\en together
but not to them taken singly
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■ distributive. term is used for all the individuals taken singly and together
as in the sentence
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● complete / completely distributive. including all individuals
species
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● incomplete / incompletely distributive. apply only to the species and genera of a class
but not to the individuals
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definition. statement which explains what a thing is.
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transcendental. supreme and fundamental ideas like ‘substance
’ ‘accident
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circular definition. when a first idea is defined by a second
and then the second is defined by the first
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rules of definition
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1. definition must be clearer than the thing defined; other wise it loses its value
since it is the purpose of the definition to lead the mind from the
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known to the unknown and to remove the obscurity of ideas by explaining them
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2. definition must not contain the idea to be defined; because in this case an attempt is made to explain something by itself
while the thing itself
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needs explaining
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3. definition must be convertible with the idea defined; that is
the definition must neither be wider nor narrower in comprehension than the
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comprehension of the idea defined.
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4. definition must be positive
not negative
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explain what the thing is not
without any real explanation of its nature in itself.
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kinds of definitions
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1. nominal. explains what a word means
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2. real. explains what a thing is in itself.
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a. essential (quidditative). statement which explains the essence or nature of a thing; we can define a thing by its proximate genus
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and specific differentia.
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b. descriptive. statement which explains what a thing is in itself by enumerating the positive
but non- essential
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■ distinctive. explains a thing by its properties.
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■ genetic. explains a thing by its process of origin or production
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■ causal. explanation of a thing by means of its efficient or final causes
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■ accidental. explanation of a thing based on characteristics which are neither essential nor necessarily connected with the
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essence; rather a description than a definition properly so called.
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division. the resolving of a whole into its parts
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physical parts. mutually distinct and separable and belong to the very nature of the thing ;
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metaphysical parts. various grades of being contained in the comprehension of the idea of the thing; parts of an essence which are the 'grades of
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being’ of one concrete nature (in reality identical and inseparable
but distinct and separable in thought)
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metaphysical whole. the whole which consists of metaphysical parts
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kinds of division.
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1. real (actual). resolution of a thing into the natural parts which it has independent of the mind; the mind divides the whole into its component parts
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in as far as the thing itself has parts
independent of the mind; break up the comprehension and take it apart; this process is called analysis.
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○ physical division. (mental) division of things into their component physical parts (whether they be essential or integral)
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■ essential parts. they are so necessary to the being
that
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because these parts conjointly make it to be what it is
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■ integral parts. they belong to the nature of the thing
but the absence of one or the other or of some of them would not destroy
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the essence of the being and make it cease to be what it is.
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● homogeneous parts. parts are of the same kind throughout
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● heterogenous parts. parts are not of the same kind
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○ metaphysical division. divides an essence into its metaphysical parts
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2. logical. made by the addition of some element
by a composition; such a composition is styled synthesis. the resolving of a universal idea into the
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members which constitute its extension; the mind divides a ‘logical whole’ into its component parts; and the ‘logical whole’ is a universal idea as
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universal.
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rules of division
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1. division should be adequate; this means that all the parts taken together must equal the whole; hence (1) no part may be omitted; otherwise the
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division would be incomplete and therefore faulty
(2) no member may equal or exceed the whole; because a part can never equal
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the whole
and (3) no member may include the other
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would enumerate more parts than the whole really contains.
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2. division should be clear; hence a division should be orderly. We must not leap from a higher to a lower class and omit a middle class; the division
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should be a gradual process
going from one class to its immediate subclasses
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reasonably limited in members
