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VISIT 1 > 1.2.3 > Flashcards

1.2.3 Flashcards

1
Q

DM ocular impact (8)

A
  • blurred vision (macular oedema)
  • dry eye disease
  • diabetic retinopathy/maculopathy
  • cataract (doubles risk)
  • glaucoma (doubles risk)
  • reduced corneal sensitivity
  • delayed wound healing - increase risk of infection
  • hyperglycaemia = myopic shift
  • hypoglycaemia = hyperopic shift
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2
Q

HBP ocular impact

A

hypertensive retinopathy
CSR - stress

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3
Q

RA ocular impact

A
  • dry eye disease - gritty/watering
  • scleritis
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4
Q

process of diabetes + laymans

A

chronic condition

insulin (hormone) is produced by the pancreas and controls blood glucose levels by storing extra glucose in cells

when insulin is not produced (T1) or fails to respond (T2) - blood glucose levels increase

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5
Q

type 1 DM

A

insulin dependant (IDDM)
(total loss of insulin production)

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6
Q

type 2 DM

A

non-insulin dependant (NIDDM)
(insulin resistance)

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7
Q

how metformin works

A

reduces glucose produced by the liver and increases the effectiveness of insulin

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8
Q

treatment of IDDM

A

insulin injections
stop smoking
taking care of general health

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9
Q

treatment of NIDDM

A

diet and weight loss
manage BP/cholesterol/sugar
stop smoking
exercise
metformin (with meals)

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10
Q

ocular side effects of metformin

A

blurred vision
dry eye

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11
Q

treatment of RA

A

immunosuppressants:
methotrexate
hydroxychloroquine

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12
Q

rheumatoid arthritis process + laymans

A

the immune system attacks healthy cells which causes chronic inflammation and swelling of the joints. this can be managed with medications that slow down the immune system and reduce swelling

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13
Q

methotrexate ocular side effects

A
  • dry eye disease
  • blepharitis
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14
Q

hydroxychloroquine ocular side effects

A
  • macular oedema (metamorphopsia)
  • red colour defects
  • bulls eye maculopathy
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15
Q

process of MS + laymans

A

autoimmune inflammatory condition where the body mistakenly attacks the brain, spinal cord and optic nerves - disrupts the flow of information from brain to body

risk factors: viral infections, smoking

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16
Q

MS ocular impact

A

optic neuritis - swelling of the optic nerve = blurred/reduced vision/TVO, pain on motility, RAPD, colour defects

nystagmus
double vision (muscle restriction)

17
Q

optic neuritis treatment

A

spontaneous resolution 12 weeks

prednisolone

18
Q

process of HBP + laymans

A

narrowing of arteries and increased pressure from blood against artery walls which means blood has to work a lot harder to pump blood around the body

normal = 120/80

increases risk of heart disease and stroke

19
Q

ocular side effects of perindopril

A

blurred vison
yellow sclera - liver issue

20
Q

treatment of MS

A

5 day course of steroids for relapses
gabapentin for nystagmus

21
Q

hypertensive retinopathy

A

disc oedema
blot haem
microaneurysms
cotton wool spots
AV nicking (overlap)
copper wiring (hollow)
narrowing of arteries

22
Q

ocular side effects of gabapentin

A

for nystagmus

23
Q

steroid effects on the eyes

A

PSC cataract
increase IOP = galucoma
delayed wound healing = infection

24
Q

treatment of HBP

A

perindopril
Lifestyle changes - diet/exercise/smoking

25
Q

R0

A

no DR (recall 12 months)

26
Q

R1

A

mild BDR (12 month recall)

at least one of any of the following:
- dot haem
- blot haem
- flame haem
- microaneurysm
- hard exudate
- cotton wool spot

27
Q

R2

A

observable BDR (6 months recall)

4+ blot haem in 1 hemifield

28
Q

R3

A

referable BDR (routine)

4+ blot haem in 2 hemifield
venous beading
IRMA

29
Q

R4

A

proliferative DR (emergency)

  • new BV (retinal may cause RD/iris may cause glauc)
  • vitreous haem
  • exudates less than 1 DD from fovea
30
Q

IRMA

A

abnormal branching due to hypoxia
does not cross over BV
no leak on FA

31
Q

NBV

A

cross over BV
leaks on FA
very thin

32
Q

M0

A

no maculopathy within 2 DD
(12 months)

33
Q

M1

A

hard exudates between 1-2 DD
(6 months)

34
Q

M2

A

hard exudates within 1 DD
blot haem within 1 DD
retinal thickening
(routine referral)

35
Q

endpoint maculopathy

A

ischaemia - no Tx (no blood flow)

VISIT 1 (3 decks)

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