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Ch12 A Healthy Body > 12.2 Nutrition And Health > Flashcards

12.2 Nutrition And Health Flashcards

1
Q

6 main types of food substances

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
Vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre

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2
Q

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins are ______ food substances ; essential for _______

Vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre are ______ food substances ; important for ______

A

Primary, supporting life
Protective, keeping body healthy

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3
Q

What are carbohydrates?
2 common examples and their forms

A

Main source of energy
Starch (complex form), sugar (simple form)

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4
Q

What foods can starch be found in

A

Rice, bread, potatoes

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5
Q

Sugar solubility and taste
What foods can it be found in

A

Insoluble in water, sweet
Fruits, candies, cakes

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6
Q

Carbs atoms
Chemical formula
H:O ratio

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Cx(h2o)y
2:1

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7
Q

Which 3 types are carbs classified into

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

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8
Q

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
Structure, solubility, taste, 3 examples

A

Monosaccharides
- simplest forms of carbs
- soluble in water
- sweet
- glucose, fructose, galactose

Disaccharides
- condensation of 2 molecules of monosaccharides
- soluble in water
- sweet
- maltose, sucrose, lactose

Polysaccharides
- condensation of 2+ molecules of monosaccharides
- insoluble in water
- tasteless
- starch, glycogen, cellulose

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9
Q

Inter-conversion of carbohydrates molecules

A

Monosaccharide Condensation
————————>
+ <———————— Disaccharides + water
Hydrolysis
Monosaccharide

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10
Q

Bond formed between 2 monosaccharides

A

Glycosidic bod

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11
Q

3 functions of carbohydrates

A
  1. Energy source ( glucose oxidises in cells during respiration)
  2. Storage material (plants: glucose) (animals: glycogen in liver/muscles)
  3. Structural material (cellulose is a main component of plant cell walls)
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12
Q

2 examples of lipids
Their forms in room temperature
Usually found in

A

Fat, solid, animals
Oil, liquid, plants

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13
Q

What foods can FAT be found in

A

Lard, meat, cheese, butter

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14
Q

What foods can OIL be found in

A

Olive/peanut/canola oil/peanut butter

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15
Q

Lipids atoms
H:O ratio

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
H:O > 2:1

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16
Q

Lipids solubility

A

Insoluble in water
Dissolves in organic solvents (eg. Ether, ethanol)

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17
Q

What are the main types of lipids

A

Triglyceride

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18
Q

How is a triglyceride formed

A

1 glycerol molecule + 3 fatty acid molecules
With the removal of 3 water molecules

                   Fatty acid 1               Condensation                                    —fatty acid 1

GLYCEROL + Fatty acid 2 ————————> GLYCEROL—fatty acid 2 + 3 H2O

                   Fatty acid 3            <————————                               —fatty acid 3 
                                                         Hydrolysis                          (1 TRYGLYCERIDE)
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19
Q

Bond formed between glycerol and fatty acids

A

Ester bond

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20
Q

2 main types of fatty acids
Fats vs oil

A

Fats: mostly saturated fatty acids
Oil: mostly unsaturated fatty acids

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21
Q

Excess intake of fats/oil leads to

A

Fats: increase risk of heart diseases
Oil: lower risk of heart diseases

22
Q

6 functions of lipids

A
  1. Energy reserve, stored in adipose tissue
  2. Keep warm
    - as subcutaneous fat under skin to reduce heat loss
  3. Protect organs
    - as visceral fat around internal organs as a shock absorber
  4. Form cell membranes
  5. Store and transport lipid-soluble vitamins
  6. Produce some hormones (eg. Sex)
23
Q

Proteins are major components of ______ _______
Essential for 2 things

A

Body tissues
Growth, repair of body tissues

24
Q

Proteins atoms

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur

25
Q

What substances are proteins

A

Organic substances

26
Q

What are proteins in body made up of
How are they obtained

A

2o different types of amino acids
8 of them cant be produced by body and have to be obtained through diet

27
Q

Bond between 2 amino acids
What is formed when 2 amino acids are joined tgt

A

Peptide bond
A dipeptide

28
Q

How is a dipeptide formed

A

When the carboxyl group of an amino acid reacts with the amino group of another amino acid in condensation to form a peptide bond. A water molecule is removed in the reaction.

                                                                      condensation                     Peptide bond

🔴 (carboxyl grp) + (amino grp) 🟢 ————————> 🔴———————🟢

                H2O is removed                                                                      ( 1 DIPEPTIDE )
29
Q

What is formed when more amino acids are added to a dipeptide

A

A polypeptide

30
Q

What determines the final shape of a protein

A

Amino acid sequence

31
Q

Excess amino acids
Process , explain

A

Cant be stored
Broken down by liver through deamination
Amino group convert into ammonia, urea and is excreted in urine
The remaining convert into carbohydrates and lipids for respiration/storage

32
Q

4 functions of proteins

A
  1. Builds body tissue
    - for growth and repair
  2. Forms cell membranes
  3. Energy reserve
    - when stored carbs and lipids are used up
  4. Forms enzymes, antibodies, haemoglobin, hormones
33
Q

Why are vitamins essential
What are 3 things they help with

A

They have no energy value but are essential for maintaining normal functions of cells and organs
Promote growth and development, regulate metabolism, strengthen immunity

34
Q

Lack of vitamins may lead to ___________

A

Deficiency diseases

35
Q

Vitamin A
2 functions, deficiency diseases, examples

A
  1. Important for vision in dim light
  2. Strengthening immunity

Night blindness (poor vision in dim light)

Dairy, fish over oil, dark green vegetables, carrots

36
Q

Vitamin C
2 functions, deficiency diseases, examples

A
  1. Maintain healthy gums and skin
  2. Healing of wounds

Scurvy ( gums bleed, wounds heal poorly)

Fresh fruits and vegetables

37
Q

Vitamin D
1 function, deficiecy diseases, examples

A
  1. Maintain strong bones and teeth

Rickets (bones become soft and bent)

Fish liver oil, egg yolk, milk

38
Q

2 categories of vitamins
Examples, excess vitamins process

A

Fat-soluble
-vitamins A,D,E,K
-excess are stored in liver

Water-soluble
-vitamins B,C
-excess are excreted through urine

39
Q

Why are minerals essential ( 2 things )

A

They have no energy value but they regulate metabolism and some form body tissues

40
Q

3 types of minerals

A

Calcium, iron, iodine

41
Q

Calcium
2 functions, deficiency diseases, examples

A
  1. Build strong bones and teeth
  2. Blood clotting

Rickets in children, osteoporosis in adults (low calcium, low bone density, fragile and weak)

Dairy, dark green vegetables, soy bean

42
Q

Iron
1 function, deficiency diseases, examples

A
  1. Make haemoglobin in red blood cells

Anaemia (low red blood cells, pale/tiredness/fainting)

Red meat, liver, dark green vegetables, nuts, beans

43
Q

Iodine
1 function, deficiency diseases, examples

A
  1. Maintain functions of the thyroid gland

Goitre (swelling of thyroid gland)

Seafood, seaweed

44
Q

3 main sources of dietary fibre

A

Fruits, vegetables, whole grain cereals

45
Q

Dietary fibre is a substance mainly found in ____________
It doesn’t ___________ and cannot be __________, or ___________

A

Plant cell walls
Provide energy, absorbed, digested

46
Q

How does dietary fibre help prevent constipation
(2 ways)

A

Since it cant be digested, it adds bulk to food, which stimulates peristalsis (pushing food forward)
Dietary fibre also holds water and keeps faces soft, which helps prevent constipation

47
Q

Building blocks of carbohydrates
How they’re formed

A

Complex forms of carbohydrates and made up of simple forms of carbohydrates

EG. A starch molecule is made up of many glucose molecules

Glucose molecules (simple) Starch (complex)
🔵 🔵 🔵 🔵 🔵 🔵 —————> 🔵➖ 🔵 ➖ 🔵 ➖ 🔵 ➖ 🔵 ➖ 🔵
(5 glycosidic bonds)

48
Q

Building blocks of lipids

A

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids ———> triglyceride

49
Q

Building blocks of proteins

A

Made up of 20 different types of amino acids
2 amino acids condense and form a peptide bond
2 amino acids joined —> a dipeptide is formed

50
Q

Building blocks of
- Carbohydrate (starch)
- Lipid (triglyceride)
- Protein

A

Glucose
Fatty acids
Amino acids

51
Q

Give another type of lipids other than triglycerides

A

Cholesterol

52
Q

Disease caused by lack of proteins
Patients have _______ _______ and ________ _________
They may also suffer from poor ________ and ________ ________

A

Kwashiorkor
Weak muscles, swollen abdomen
Physical, mental development

Ch12 A Healthy Body (2 decks)

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