12.2 Nutrition And Health Flashcards by Yasmine Leung

6 main types of food substances

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
Vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre

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Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins are ______ food substances ; essential for _______

Vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre are ______ food substances ; important for ______

Primary, supporting life
Protective, keeping body healthy

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What are carbohydrates?
2 common examples and their forms

Main source of energy
Starch (complex form), sugar (simple form)

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What foods can starch be found in

Rice, bread, potatoes

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Sugar solubility and taste
What foods can it be found in

Insoluble in water, sweet
Fruits, candies, cakes

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Carbs atoms
Chemical formula
H:O ratio

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Cx(h2o)y
2:1

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Which 3 types are carbs classified into

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

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Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
Structure, solubility, taste, 3 examples

Monosaccharides
- simplest forms of carbs
- soluble in water
- sweet
- glucose, fructose, galactose

Disaccharides
- condensation of 2 molecules of monosaccharides
- soluble in water
- sweet
- maltose, sucrose, lactose

Polysaccharides
- condensation of 2+ molecules of monosaccharides
- insoluble in water
- tasteless
- starch, glycogen, cellulose

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Inter-conversion of carbohydrates molecules

Monosaccharide Condensation
————————>
+ <———————— Disaccharides + water
Hydrolysis
Monosaccharide

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Bond formed between 2 monosaccharides

Glycosidic bod

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3 functions of carbohydrates

Energy source ( glucose oxidises in cells during respiration)
Storage material (plants: glucose) (animals: glycogen in liver/muscles)
Structural material (cellulose is a main component of plant cell walls)

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2 examples of lipids
Their forms in room temperature
Usually found in

Fat, solid, animals
Oil, liquid, plants

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What foods can FAT be found in

Lard, meat, cheese, butter

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What foods can OIL be found in

Olive/peanut/canola oil/peanut butter

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Lipids atoms
H:O ratio

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
H:O > 2:1

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Lipids solubility

Insoluble in water
Dissolves in organic solvents (eg. Ether, ethanol)

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What are the main types of lipids

Triglyceride

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How is a triglyceride formed

1 glycerol molecule + 3 fatty acid molecules
With the removal of 3 water molecules

                   Fatty acid 1               Condensation                                    —fatty acid 1

GLYCEROL + Fatty acid 2 ————————> GLYCEROL—fatty acid 2 + 3 H2O

                   Fatty acid 3            <————————                               —fatty acid 3 
                                                         Hydrolysis                          (1 TRYGLYCERIDE)

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Bond formed between glycerol and fatty acids

Ester bond

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2 main types of fatty acids
Fats vs oil

Fats: mostly saturated fatty acids
Oil: mostly unsaturated fatty acids

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Excess intake of fats/oil leads to

Fats: increase risk of heart diseases
Oil: lower risk of heart diseases

6 functions of lipids

Energy reserve, stored in adipose tissue
Keep warm
- as subcutaneous fat under skin to reduce heat loss
Protect organs
- as visceral fat around internal organs as a shock absorber
Form cell membranes
Store and transport lipid-soluble vitamins
Produce some hormones (eg. Sex)

Proteins are major components of ______ _______
Essential for 2 things

Body tissues
Growth, repair of body tissues

Proteins atoms

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur

What substances are proteins

Organic substances

What are proteins in body made up of How are they obtained

2o different types of amino acids 8 of them cant be produced by body and have to be obtained through diet

Bond between 2 amino acids What is formed when 2 amino acids are joined tgt

Peptide bond A dipeptide

How is a dipeptide formed

When the carboxyl group of an amino acid reacts with the amino group of another amino acid in condensation to form a peptide bond. A water molecule is removed in the reaction. condensation Peptide bond 🔴 (carboxyl grp) + (amino grp) 🟢 ————————> 🔴———————🟢 H2O is removed ( 1 DIPEPTIDE )

What is formed when more amino acids are added to a dipeptide

A polypeptide

What determines the final shape of a protein

Amino acid sequence

Excess amino acids Process , explain

Cant be stored Broken down by liver through deamination Amino group convert into ammonia, urea and is excreted in urine The remaining convert into carbohydrates and lipids for respiration/storage

4 functions of proteins

1. Builds body tissue - for growth and repair 2. Forms cell membranes 3. Energy reserve - when stored carbs and lipids are used up 4. Forms enzymes, antibodies, haemoglobin, hormones

Why are vitamins essential What are 3 things they help with

They have no energy value but are essential for maintaining normal functions of cells and organs Promote growth and development, regulate metabolism, strengthen immunity

Lack of vitamins may lead to ___________

Deficiency diseases

Vitamin A 2 functions, deficiency diseases, examples

1. Important for vision in dim light 2. Strengthening immunity Night blindness (poor vision in dim light) Dairy, fish over oil, dark green vegetables, carrots

Vitamin C 2 functions, deficiency diseases, examples

1. Maintain healthy gums and skin 2. Healing of wounds Scurvy ( gums bleed, wounds heal poorly) Fresh fruits and vegetables

Vitamin D 1 function, deficiecy diseases, examples

1. Maintain strong bones and teeth Rickets (bones become soft and bent) Fish liver oil, egg yolk, milk

2 categories of vitamins Examples, excess vitamins process

Fat-soluble -vitamins A,D,E,K -excess are stored in liver Water-soluble -vitamins B,C -excess are excreted through urine

Why are minerals essential ( 2 things )

They have no energy value but they regulate metabolism and some form body tissues

3 types of minerals

Calcium, iron, iodine

Calcium 2 functions, deficiency diseases, examples

1. Build strong bones and teeth 2. Blood clotting Rickets in children, osteoporosis in adults (low calcium, low bone density, fragile and weak) Dairy, dark green vegetables, soy bean

Iron 1 function, deficiency diseases, examples

1. Make haemoglobin in red blood cells Anaemia (low red blood cells, pale/tiredness/fainting) Red meat, liver, dark green vegetables, nuts, beans

Iodine 1 function, deficiency diseases, examples

1. Maintain functions of the thyroid gland Goitre (swelling of thyroid gland) Seafood, seaweed

3 main sources of dietary fibre

Fruits, vegetables, whole grain cereals

Dietary fibre is a substance mainly found in ____________ It doesn’t ___________ and cannot be __________, or ___________

Plant cell walls Provide energy, absorbed, digested

How does dietary fibre help prevent constipation (2 ways)

Since it cant be digested, it adds bulk to food, which stimulates peristalsis (pushing food forward) Dietary fibre also holds water and keeps faces soft, which helps prevent constipation

Building blocks of carbohydrates How they’re formed

Complex forms of carbohydrates and made up of simple forms of carbohydrates EG. A starch molecule is made up of many glucose molecules Glucose molecules (simple) Starch (complex) 🔵 🔵 🔵 🔵 🔵 🔵 —————> 🔵➖ 🔵 ➖ 🔵 ➖ 🔵 ➖ 🔵 ➖ 🔵 (5 glycosidic bonds)

Building blocks of lipids

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids ———> triglyceride

Building blocks of proteins

Made up of 20 different types of amino acids 2 amino acids condense and form a peptide bond 2 amino acids joined —> a dipeptide is formed

Building blocks of - Carbohydrate (starch) - Lipid (triglyceride) - Protein

Glucose Fatty acids Amino acids

Give another type of lipids other than triglycerides

Cholesterol

Disease caused by lack of proteins Patients have _______ _______ and ________ _________ They may also suffer from poor ________ and ________ ________

Kwashiorkor Weak muscles, swollen abdomen Physical, mental development