1.2.2 Gas Exchange and Transport/2.1.4 Thermoregulation Flashcards

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1
Q

Recall how the alveoli allow effective gas exchange in lungs

A
  • large surface area
  • most surface for diffusion
  • short diffusion pathway e.g. thin walls
  • closely associated with capillaries
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2
Q

Recall why single celled organisms do not require specialised areas for gas exchange

A

SA:V ratio is sufficient for diffusion of required gases and other substances

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3
Q

Recall how countercurrent exchange is useful to fish for gas exchange?

A

counter current enables gas exchange over the entire surface area of the lamella = efficient

  • flow of blood is counter to water current
  • higher oxygen in water, lower in blood = concentration gradient
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4
Q

define homeostasis

A

Involves a stimulus-response model in which change in the condition of the external or internal environment is detected and appropriate responses occur via negative feedback

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5
Q

What are the structural thermoregulatory mechanisms that allow endotherms to maintain their internal body temperature?

A

Structural:

  1. Brown adipose tissue
  2. Increased number of mitochondria per cell
  3. Insulation
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6
Q

What are the behavioral thermoregulatory mechanisms that allow endotherms to maintain their internal body temp?

A

Behavioral:

  1. Kleptothermy: animals share heat by huddling
  2. Hibernation
  3. Aestivation: ‘summer hibernation’; inactivity and lowered metabolic rate in response to high temps and arid conditions
  4. Torpor: involuntary hibernation for short periods of time (lower body temp, breathing rate, heart rate and metabolic rate)
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7
Q

What are the physiological thermoregulatory mechanisms that allow endotherms to maintain their internal body temp?

A

Physiological:

  1. Vasomotor Control: vasoconstriction or vasodilation
  2. Evaporative Heat Loss; sweating or panting
  3. Countercurrent Heat Exchange: circulatory adaptation that allow heat to be transferred from blood vessels containing warmer blood to those containing cooler blood.
  4. Thermogenesis: conversion of chemical energy into kinetic energy (heat)
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8
Q

What are the homeostatic thermoregulatory mechanisms that allow endotherms to maintain their internal body temp?

A

Homeostatic:

  1. Thyroid hormones
  2. Insulin
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