1.2.2 Demand Flashcards

1
Q

What is Demand?

A

The ability and willingness to buy a particular good at a given price and at a given moment in time

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2
Q

What is movement along the demand curve caused by?

A

A movement along the demand curve is caused by a change in the price of the good.

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3
Q

What is a shift of the demand curve caused by?

A

A shift of the demand curve is caused by a change in any of the factors which affect demand, the conditions of demand.

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4
Q

Describe the movement from point A to B

A

A movement from A to B is a contraction in demand, the quantity demanded falls because of an increase in price.

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5
Q

Describe the movement from point A to C

A

A movement from A to C is an extension in demand, the quantity demanded rises due to a decrease in price.

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6
Q

Describe the shift from D1 to D2

A
  • A shift from D1 to D2 is a decrease in demand, because fewer goods are demanded at each and every price.
  • For example, at price P only Q2 goods are demanded rather than Q1 goods.
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7
Q

Describe the shift from D1 to D3

A
  • A shift from D1 to D3 is an increase in demand, as more goods are demanded at each and every price.
  • Now, Q3 goods are demanded at price P.
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8
Q

What is the relationship between Demand and Price?

A

Inverse Relationship

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9
Q

What is the mnemonic used for the conditions of demand?

A

PIRATES:
- Population
- Income
- Related goods
- Advertising
- Taste/fashion
- Expectations
- Seasons
- Government legislation

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10
Q

How does population cause the demand curve to shift?

A
  • If population rises, we would expect demand for all products to increase and so the demand curve will shift to the right.
  • This is because the more people there are in the country, the more people who will want a good.
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11
Q

How does Income cause the demand curve to shift?

A
  • For most goods, if income increases, demand increases because a person can afford to buy more of the product.
  • If there is a fall in income then the demand would decrease and shift to the left. However, for some goods an increase in income can lead to a fall in demand and vice versa, this is a concept called income elasticity of demand.
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12
Q

How does Related goods cause the demand curve to shift?

A
  • If goods are complements or substitutes of each other then a change in the price of another good can cause a shift in the demand curve.
  • An increase in the price of Nike trainers would lead to a contraction in demand for Nike trainers and an increase in demand of Adidas trainers, as we would expect people to buy them instead.
  • If the price of DVD players drops, demand for DVD players would extend and we would expect the demand curve for DVDs to increase.
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13
Q

How does Advertising cause the demand curve to shift?

A
  • If a firm carries out a successful advertising campaign, demand is likely to increase.
  • If a competitor firm carries out a successful advertising campaign demand for the first firm will fall.
  • A successful advertising campaign by Tesco will increase demand for Tesco but reduce demand for Asda.
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14
Q

How does Taste/fashion cause the demand curve to shift?

A

If something becomes more fashionable, we expect demand to increase and if it becomes less fashionable, then demand will fall.

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15
Q

How does Expectations cause the demand curve to shift?

A
  • Expectations of what might happen in the future can have a big impact on the level of demand for some goods.
  • If people expect a shortage of something, or that price will rise in the future, then demand for that product will increase.
  • If people expect that price will fall in the future, demand will decrease.
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16
Q

How does seasons cause the demand curve to shift?

A
  • Some products will find their demand affected by the weather.
  • For example, hot summers cause an increase in demand for sun cream whilst wet summers cause a decrease in demand for umbrellas.
17
Q

How does Government Legislation cause the demand curve to shift?

A
  • Government legislation can also have an effect on the demand for goods.
  • Demand for car seats increased after the government made it a legal requirement that young children have to sit in them
18
Q

What does the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility state?

A

The satisfaction derived from the consumption of an additional unit of a good will decrease as more of a good is consumed, assuming the consumption of all other goods remains constant.

19
Q

How do we explain or predict how people will spend their money?

A

We have to assume that they are going to behave rationally, expecting them to spend it according to
what gives them the greatest level of satisfaction or welfare.

20
Q

What is Total Utility?

A

Total utility represents the satisfaction gained by a customer as a result of their overall consumption of a good e.g. the satisfaction of eating the whole bar of chocolate

21
Q

What is marginal Utility?

A

The change in satisfaction resulting from the consumption of the next unit of a good e.g. the increased satisfaction by eating another bite of chocolate.

22
Q

What type of consumption is shown on this graph?

A
  • Conspicuous Consumption ‘Snob effect’

Where people gain from value from having other people notice that they are rich enough to consume these goods. Eg Rolex watches.

23
Q

Which Gradient is a Normal Good and which is an inferior Good?

A

BLUE: Normal Good
BLACK: Inferior Good

24
Q

Give an example of an Inferior Good

A

Bus Travel

25
Q

What are substitutes?

A
  • Substitutes are where you either buy one good or the other, for example you either buy a pair of Nike trainers or a pair of Adidas trainers.
26
Q

What are compliments?

A

Complements are goods such as DVDs and DVD players where if you have one, you need the other to go with it.