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IDC > 12.1 Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

12.1 Nervous Tissue Flashcards

Structural and Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue

1
Q

BRAIN:

A
  • CNS
  • SURR. BY SKULL
  • 100 BIL. NEURONS
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2
Q

SPINAL CORD:

A
  • CNS
  • SURR. BY BONE OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN
  • 100 MIL. NEURONS
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3
Q

CRANIAL NERVES:

A
  • PNS
  • 12 PAIRS (CN I-XII)
  • EMERGE FROM BASE OF THE BRAIN
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4
Q

SPINAL NERVES:

A
  • PNS
  • 31 PAIRS
  • EMERGE FROM SPINAL CORD
  • EACH SERVES SPECIFIC REGION
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5
Q

SENSORY RECEPTORS:

A
  • PNS

- SPECIALIZED CELLS THAT MONITOR CHANGES IN (INTERNAL/EXTERNAL) ENVIRONMENT

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6
Q

GANGLIA:

A
  • PNS
  • MASSES OF NERVOUS TISSUE
  • CONSIST OF NEURON CELL BODIES OUTSIDE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
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7
Q

ENTERIC PLEXUS:

A
  • PNS
  • NERVE NETWORK IN G.I. TRACT
  • HELP REGULATING DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
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8
Q

NERVOUS SYSTEM: TAKS:

A
  • SMELL
  • TOUCH
  • TEMPERATURE
  • PRODUCING SPEECH
  • REMEMBERING/MEMORY
  • SIGNALS TO CONTROL BODY MOVEMENT
  • REGULATE OPERATIONS OF INTERNAL ORGANS
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9
Q

NERVOUS SYSTEM: BASIC FUNCTIONS:

A
  • INPUT FROM SENSORY RECEPTORS AND SENSORY NERVES TO CNS
  • INTEGRATION (PERCEPTION, ANALYZING, AND STORING INFORMATION)
  • MOTOR ACTIVITY VIA EFFERENT NERVES (OR EFFECTORS) SIGNALS TO MUSCLES AND GLANDS
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10
Q

NERVOUS SYSTEM: HISTOLOGY: (1)

A
  • NERVOUS TISSUES WITH NEURONS:
    = PROVIDES MOST OF THE UNIQUE FUNCTIONS
  • NEUROGLIA:
    = SUPPORT, NOURISH, AND PROTECT NEURONS
  • NEURONS:
    = POSSES ELECTRICAL EXCITABILITY
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11
Q

NERVOUS SYSTEM: HISTOLOGY: (2)

A
  • STIMULUS:
    = ANY CHAGE IN THE ENVIRONMENT (THAT IS STRONG ENOUGH TO INITIATE AS ACTION POTENTIAL)
  • ACTION POTENTIAL: ( = NERVE IMPULSE)
    = ELECTRICAL SIGNAL THAT PROPAGATES ALONG THE SURFACE OF MEMBRANE OF A NEURON
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12
Q

ANATOMY: NEURON:

A

a) CELL BODY: NUCLEUS, CYTOPLASM, ORGANELLES
b) DENDRITES: HIGHLY BRANCHED
= CARRY IMPULSES FROM SENSORY TO CELL BODY
= RECEIVING PART”
c) AXON: CONDUCT AWAY FROM CELL BODY TO:
= ANOTHER NEURON
= MUSCLE
= GLAND
d) AXON TERMINALS: CONTAIN SYNAPTIC VESICLES THAT RELEASE NEUROTRANSMITTERS

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13
Q

CLASS OF NEURON: BY STRUCTURE: a) MULTIPOLAR:

A
  • HAVE SEVERAL DENDRITES AND ONE AXON

- MOST COMMON TYPE; THE REGULAR TYPE

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14
Q

CLASS OF NEURON: BY STRUCTURE: b) BIPOLAR:

A
  • HAVE ONE DENDRITE AND ONE AXON

- ex) THOSE IN RETINA OF EYE AND INNER EAR

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15
Q

CLASS OF NEURON: BY STRUCTURE: c) UNIPOLAR:

A
  • HAVE FUSED DENDRITE AND AXON

- ex) SENSORY NEURONS OF SPINAL NERVES

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16
Q

CLASS OF NEURON: BY FUNCTION: a) SENSORY:

A
  • “AFFERENT”

- CONVEY IMPULSES INTO CNS

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17
Q

CLASS OF NEURON: BY FUNCTION: b) MOTOR:

A
  • “EFFERENT”

- CONVEY IMPULSES FROM CNS THROUGH PNS TO EFFECTORS (MUSCLES/GLANDS)

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18
Q

CLASS OF NEURON: BY FUNCTION: c) INTERNEURONS:

A
  • “ASSOCIATION NEURONS”
  • TRANSMIT IMPULSES BETWEEN NEURONS
  • MOST ARE WITHIN CNS
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19
Q

NEUROGLIAS: GENERAL:

A
  • SUPPORT, NOURISH, AND PROTECT NEURONS
  • ** CRITICAL FOR HOMEOSTASIS OF INTERSTITIAL FLUID AROUND NEURONS
  • SMALLER BUT MUCH NUMEROUS THAN NEURONS
    = MAKE UP ABOUT HALF THE VOLUME OF CNS
20
Q

NEUROGLIAS: FUNCTION:

A
  • DO NOT CONDUCT NERVE IMPULSES

- IN CASE OF INJURY/DISEASE, CAN MULTIPLY TO FILL IN SPACE FORMERLY OCCUPIED BY NEURONS

21
Q

NEUROGLIAS: TYPES: a) ASTROCYTES:

A
  • IN CNS

- FORM BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER

22
Q

NEUROGLIAS: TYPES: b) OLIGODENDROCYTES:

A
  • IN CNS

- PRODUCE MYELIN IN CNS NEURONS

23
Q

NEUROGLIAS: TYPES: c) MICROGLIA:

A
  • IN CNS

- PROTECTS CNS CELLS FROM DISEASE

24
Q

NEUROGLIAS: TYPES: d) EPENDYMAL CELLS:

A
  • IN CNS
  • LINE THE VENTRICLES OF BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD CANAL
  • FORM THE CSF IN VENTRICLES
25
Q

NEUROGLIAS: TYPES: e) SCHWANN CELLS:

A
  • IN PNS

- PRODUCE MYELIN IN PNS NEURONS

26
Q

NEUROGLIAS: TYPES: f) SATELLITE CELLS:

A
  • IN PNS

- SUPPORT NEURONS IN PNS GANGLIA

27
Q

MYELINATION: MYELIN:

A
  • FUNCTIONS:
    a) INSULATES THE AXON
    b) SPEEDS UP THE NERVE IMPULSE
  • “NODES OF RANVIER” = GAPS IN MYELINS
  • DISEASES THAT DESTROY MYLIN:
    a) MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (IMMUNE SYSTEM EATS MYELIN)
    b) TAY-SACH
28
Q

COLLECTION OF NERVOUS TISSUE: CLUSTER OF NEURON CELL BODIES:

A
  • IN CNS: “NUCLEUS”

- IN PNS: “GANGLION”

29
Q

COLLECTION OF NERVOUS TISSUE: BUNDLE OF AXONS:

A
  • IN CNS: “TRACT”

- IN PNS: “NERVE”

30
Q

COLLECTION OF NERVOUS TISSUE: WHITE MATTER:

A
  • CONTAINS PRIMARILY MYELINATED AXONS
31
Q

COLLECTION OF NERVOUS TISSUE: GRAY MATTER:

A
  • CONTAINS:
    a) CELL BODIES
    b) DENDRITES
    c) UNMYELINATED AXONS
    d) AXON TERMINALS
    e) NEUROGLIA
32
Q

LOCATION OF GRAY AND WHITE MATTER: IN BRAIN:

A

GRAY MATTER (THIN CORTEX) SURROUNDS WHITE MATTER (TRACT)

33
Q

LOCATION OF GRAY AND WHITE MATTER: IN SPINAL CORD:

A

WHITE MATTER (TRACT) SURROUNDS GRAY MATTER (“H”/BUTTERFLY)

34
Q

NEURON REGENERATION: PNS:

A

AXONS AND DENDRITES IN PNS CAN BE REPAIRED IF:

  • CELL BODY IS INTACT
  • SCHWANN CELL IS FUNCTIONAL
35
Q

NEURON REGENERATION: CNS:

A
  • VERY LIMITED

- INHIBITED BY NEUROGLIA AND BY LACK OF FETAL GROWTH-STIMULATOR CUES

36
Q

ACTION POTENTIAL ( = NERVE IMPULSE):

A
  • ALLOWS FOR COMMUNICATION BETWEEN NEURON

- PART OF A SERIES OF EVENTS THAT ACTIVATE CELL MEMBRANE IN NEURON OR MUSCLE FIBER

37
Q

ACTION POTENTIAL REQUIRES:

A

a) RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL (A CHARGE DIFFERENCE ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE) (POLARIZATION)
b) ION CHANNELS: ALLOW IONS TO MOVE BY DIFFUSION FROM HIGH TO LOW CONCENTRATION, MAKING RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
= LEAKAGE CHANNELS ALLOW ION S TO LEAK THROUGH
= GATE CHANNELS OPEN AND CLOSE ON COMMAND

38
Q

ACTION POTENTIAL SEQUENCE (1): INITIAL:

A

1) INITIAL EVENT ( = STIMULUS) IS REQUIRED
- > TRIGGERS RESTING MEMBRANE TO BECOME MORE PERMEABLE TO Na+
- > CAUSES ENOUGH Na+ TO ENTER CELL TO REACH THRESHOLD (~-55mv)
- > WHEN REACHED THE THRESHOLD, ACTION POTENTIAL RISES

39
Q

ACTION POTENTIAL SEQUENCE (2): DEPOLARIZATING:

A

2) DEPOLARIZING PHASE:
- > Na+ CHANNEL OPENS
- > AS Na+ ENTER CELL, MEMBRANE POTENTIAL RISES AND BECOMES POSITIVE (-70mv -> 0mv -> +30mv)

40
Q

ACTION POTENTIAL SEQUENCE (3): REPOLARIZING:

A

3) REPOLARIZING PHASE:
- > K+ CHANNEL OPENS
- > AS K+ LEAVE CELL, MEMBRANE POTENTIAL RETURNS TO RESTING VALUE

41
Q

CONDUCTION OF NERVE IMPULSE: PROPAGATION (전달/전파):

A
  • WHEN NERVE IMPULSE TRAVELS (FROM AXON HILLOCK ALONG THE AXON TO AXON TERMINAL
  • EACH SECTION TRIGGERS THE ADJACENT SEGMENT DISTALLY
42
Q

TYPES OF CONDUCTION:

A

a) CONTINUOUS CONDUCTION:
- > IN UNMYELINATED AXONS
- > CURRENTS FLOW ACROSS ADJACENT PORTIONS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE

b) SALTATORY CONDUCTION:
- > IN MYELINATED AXONS
- > NODES OF RANVIER ALLOWS THE “LEAP” OF IMPULSES
- > FASTER FORM

43
Q

FACTORS THAT INCREASE RATE OF CONDUCTION:

A

a) MYELIN
b) LARGE DIAMETER
c) WARM NERVE FIBER

44
Q

SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION:

A
  • ONE-WAY TRANSMISSION
  • ALLOWS NEURONS TO COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER NEURONS OR EFFECTORS (NEUROMUSCULAR AND NEUROGLANDULAR JUNCTION)
  • TRIGGERED BY ACTION POTENTIAL
45
Q

COMPONENTS OF SYNAPSE:

A 
a) PRE-SYNAPTIC NEURON: "SENDING NEURON"
    = RELEASES NEUROTRANSMITTER
b) SYNAPTIC CLEFT:
    = SPACE BETWEEN NEURONS
c) POST-SYNAPTIC NEURON: "RECEIVING NEURON"
46
Q

SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION PROCESS:

A

1) AP ARRIVES AT PRESYN. NEURON’S END BULB AND OPENS Ca+ CHANNEL
2) Ca+ FLOW INTO PRESYN. CYTOSOL
3) INCREASED Ca+ CONCENTRATION CAUSE EXOCYTOSIS OF SYNAPTIC VESICLES, RELEASING NT MOLECULES INTO THE CLEFT
4) NT DIFFUSE ACROSS CLEFT AND BINDS TO RECEPTOR IN POSTSYN. CELL MEMBRANE
= NT ACTS AS CHEMICAL TRIGGER
= OPENS ION CHANNELS
5) POSTSYN. CELL MEMBRANE MAY BE DEPOLARIZED OR HYPERPOLARIZED
6) IF THRESHOLD IS REACHED, POSTSYN. ACTION POTENTIAL RESULTS -> NERVE IMPULSE TRIGGERED
7) NT REMOVED FROM CLEFT VIA:
a) DIFFUSION
b) DISTRUCTION BY ENZYME
c) TRANSPORT BACK TO PRESYN. CELL (RECYCLING)

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