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A-Level Biology > 12.1 Carbohydrates and Lipids > Flashcards

12.1 Carbohydrates and Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a monomer?

A

Small, identical or similar molecules which can be condensed (joined) to make larger molecules

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2
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Large molecule made by joining many (3 or more) identical or similar monomers together by covalent bonds

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3
Q

Define catabolic

A

Making smaller molecules from larger ones

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4
Q

Define anabolic

A

Making larger molecules from simpler/smaller ones

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5
Q

What are carbohydrate monomers called?

A

Monosaccharides

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6
Q

What bonds are formed between two monosaccharides?

A

Glycosidic Bonds (1-4 and 1-6)

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7
Q

Properties and functions of starch

A

Compact - good for storage in small spaces
Insoluble - does not affect water potential
Large surface area - cannot diffuse out of cells

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8
Q

What is an arbitrary unit?

A

A relative unit of measurement to show the ratio amount of substance. intensity, or other quantities to a predetermined reference measurement

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9
Q

How are monomers linked together?

A

Condensation reaction - a water molecule is removed and there is ALWAYS an enzyme catalyst

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10
Q

How are polymers broken?

A

Hydrolysis - a water molecule is added and there is ALWAYS an enzyme catalyst

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11
Q

What is the monomer, polymer and bond found in starch?

A

Monosaccharide
Polysaccharide
Glycosidic

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12
Q

What is the monomer, polymer and bond found in enzymes?

A

Amino acids
Polypeptide
Peptide

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13
Q

What is the monomer, polymer and bond found in DNA?

A

Nucleotides
Nucleic acid
Phosphodiester

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14
Q

What is the structure of alpha-glucose?

A
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15
Q

What is maltose made of?

A

Glucose + glucose

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16
Q

What is lactose made of?

A

Glucose + galactose

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17
Q

What is sucrose made of?

A

Glucose + fructose

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18
Q

What are the two monomers that make up starch?

A

Amylose and amylopectin

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19
Q

Solutions are…

A

Transparent

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20
Q

What is a precipitate?

A

A solid suspended in a liquid

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21
Q

True or False: Dimers and lipids are polymers

A

False

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22
Q

What bonds make up amylose?

A

1-4 glycosidic

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23
Q

What bond make up amylopectin?

A

1-6 glycosidic

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24
Q

What does ABBA stand for?

A

Alpha below, Beta above

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25
Q

What are the characteristics of starch?

A

1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds (amylose and amylopectin)
Storage polysaccharide
Alpha glucose
Found in plants

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26
Q

What are the characteristics of glycogen?

A

1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
Storage polysaccharides
Alpha glucose
Found in animals - liver and muscle cells

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27
Q

What are the characteristics of cellulose?

A

1-4 glycosidic bonds only - rotate 180*
Structural polysaccharide
Beta glucose and hydrogen bonds
Found in plants - microfibrils

28
Q

Describe the biochemical test for a reducing sugar

A
  1. Add equal parts of Benedicts solution and sample
  2. Heat to 95 degrees in a water bath
  3. Red precipitate signals sugar is present
29
Q

Describe the biochemical test for non-reducing sugars

A
  1. Negative result from reducing sugar biochemical test
  2. Heat with acid (HCl) and mix
  3. Neutralise with alkali (NaHCO3)
  4. Repeat biochemical test for reducing sugars
30
Q

How do you find the concentration of an unknown sugar?

A
  1. Use a colorimeter (calibrated with a control)
  2. Use same volume for each reading
  3. Always shake samples before testing
  4. Produce a graph (Calibration curve)
  5. Use graph to read of unknown concentration
31
Q

Define immiscible

A

It doesn’t mix

32
Q

What is a saturated fat?

A

It is solid at room temperature and only had single Carbon-Carbon bonds

33
Q

What is an unsaturated fat?

A

It is liquid at room temperature and has a double Carbon-Carbon bond within the hydrocarbon chain

34
Q

What is an ester bond?

A

A bond formed between glycerol and fatty acid after a condensation reaction

35
Q

What is a wax?

A

A wax similar to fats and oils but have no glycerol

36
Q

What are the characteristics of waxes?

A

Insoluble and Hydrophobic

37
Q

Where are waxes seen/used?

A

Insects and the upper epidermis in plants

38
Q

Where are triglycerides found?

A

In food as storage molecules

39
Q

What are triglycerides made up of?

A

One molecule of glycerol and three fatty acid molecules

40
Q

What bonds are found in triglycerides?

A

Ester bonds

41
Q

True or Flase: Triglycerides are polymers?

A

False - the monomers are different

42
Q

What does glycerol look like?

A
43
Q

What does a saturated vs unsaturated fatty acid look like?

A
44
Q

Describe the formation of triglycerides?

A

3 water molecules are lost - condensation reactions
H lost from glycerol
OH lost from fatty acids

45
Q

What is the equation for a triglyceride (worded)?

A

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids -> triglyceride + 3 water

46
Q

What are the characteristics of triglycerides?

A

Low mass to energy ratio - good stores of energy
Insoluble - does not affect water potential
Good source of water when broken down - high O to H ratio

47
Q

What do phospholipids do?

A

help form the cell membrane of a cell

48
Q

How does the structure of a phospholipid differ to that of a triglyceride?

A

One fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate group

49
Q

What is the diagram of triglycerides?

A
50
Q

What is the diagram of phospholipids?

A
51
Q

What charge is the phosphate group?

A

Negative - POLAR

52
Q

What is the charge of the fatty acid tails?

A

No charge - NON-POLAR

53
Q

What is the phospho-glycerol head?

A

Hydrophyllic (attracts water - soluble)

54
Q

What are the tails vs the head?

A

Hydrophobic

55
Q

What do phospholipids form in water?

A

A bilayer

56
Q

What is the structure of a bilayer?

A

The hydrophilic heads face the water on both sides and the hydrophobic tails face each other in the center.

57
Q

Describe the emulsion test for a lipid

A
  1. A small amount of the sample is placed in a test tube with 2cm3 of ethanol
  2. The mixture is shaken so that the fat dissolves in the alcohol (non-polar solvent)
  3. Water is then added drop by drop and shaken again
  4. A cloudy white emulsion of fat droplets should be visible when a fat is present
58
Q

What is the term used to describe the different structures of alpha-glucose and beta-glucose?

A

Isomer(ism)

59
Q

Why is it important for starch to have a spiral shape?

A

It is compact. It occupies a small space as it is tightly packed

60
Q

How is the structure of cellulose related to its role in plant call walls?

A
  • Long, straight, unbranched chains of beta glucose
  • joined by many weak hydrogen bonds
  • form microfibrils
  • to provide rigidity and strength to the plant
61
Q

What are the similarities between starch and cellulose?

A
  • Both are polysaccharides
  • Both contain glycosidic bonds
  • Both contain Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
62
Q

What are the differences between starch and cellulose?

A
  • Starch as alpha-glucose // cellulose has beta-glucose
  • Starch is coiled // cellulose is straight
  • Starch is branched // cellulose is unbranched
  • Cellulose forms microfibrils // Starch does not
  • Starch has 1-4 AND 1-6 glyosidic bonds // cellulose does not
63
Q

What are the features of starch?

A
  • Helical SO compact
  • Insoluble SO does not affest water potential
  • Large molecule SO cannot leave cell
  • Branched chains SO rapidly hydrolyses
64
Q

Why are hydrogen bonds important in cellulose molecules?

A
  • Forms microfibrils via cross links between chains
  • Providing strength/rigidity to cell wall
  • Hydrogen bond provide strength in large numbers
65
Q

What are the similarities between triglycerides and phospholipids?

A
  • Both contain ester bonds
  • Both contain glycerol
  • Both have fatty acids which can be saturated or unsaturated
  • Both are insoluble
  • Both contain C, H and O
    BUT
    phospholipids also contain P
66
Q

What are the differences between triglycerides and phospholipids?

A
  • Triglyceride has 3 fatty acids // phospholipid has 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group
  • Triglycerides are hydrophobic/non-polar // phospholipids are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
  • Phospholipids form bilayers // triglycerides do not
67
Q

Describe the structure of a phospholipid molecule and explain how phospholipids are arranged in a plasma membrane

A
  • Glycerol joined to 2 fatty acid tails. Phosphate group joined to glycerol on opposite side
  • Phospholipid has a charged, hydrophilic head (phosphate and glycerol) and non-polar hydrophobic tails (fatty acid chains)
  • Arrange to form a phospholipid bilayer (Hydrophilic head facing out towards water. Hydrophobic fatty acid chains facing away from water)

A-Level Biology (4 decks)

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