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HEENT > 12.1 > Flashcards

12.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is defined as the conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment?

A

Sensation

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2
Q

What are the 5 Special senses?

A
  1. smell
  2. taste
  3. vision
  4. hearing
  5. equilibrium
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3
Q

What are the 2 general senses?

A
  1. somatic
  2. visceral
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4
Q

What are the somatic senses?

A
  1. tactile
  2. thermal, pain
  3. proprioceptive sensations
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5
Q

Visceral senses provide sensations from what?

A

internal organs

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6
Q

What are the 4 conditions that must be satisfied for a sensation to occur?

A
  1. There must be a stimulus.
  2. Sensory receptor converts stimulus to an electrical signal.
  3. Nerve pathway conducts the information to the brain.
  4. Brain translates or integrates the nerve impulse into a sensation.
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7
Q

What is the conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations?

A

Perceptions

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8
Q

Perception is primarily a function of what?

A

Cerebral cortex

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9
Q

What is the decrease in the strength of a sensation during prolonged exposure to a stimulus, that causes the perception of a sensation to fade or disappear even though the stimulus is still present?

A

Adaptation

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10
Q

Receptors can be classified by what?

A

their functional characteristics

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11
Q

What are the 6 Types of receptors?

A

1) Mechanoreceptors
2) Thermoreceptors
3) Nociceptors
4) Photoreceptors
5) Chemoreceptors
6) Osmoreceptors

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12
Q

Which receptors detect mechanical deformation of adjacent cells?

A

Mechanoreceptors

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13
Q

Which receptors detect changes in temperature?

A

Thermoreceptors

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14
Q

Which receptors detect pain?

A

Nociceptors

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15
Q

Which receptors detect light?

A

Photoreceptors

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16
Q

Which receptors detect the presence of chemicals in solution?

A

Chemoreceptors

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17
Q

Which receptors detect the osmotic pressure of fluids?

A

Osmoreceptors

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18
Q

Where are sensory receptors located for somatic sensations?

A

skin, mucous membranes, muscles, tendons, and joints.

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19
Q

Why are some areas more sensitive to stimuli than others?

A

The sensory receptors for somatic sensations are widely and unevenly distributed over the body.

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20
Q

What are the 3 Receptors for Somatic Senses?

A
  1. Tactile
  2. Thermal
  3. Pain
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21
Q

Which receptors detect: touch, pressure, vibration, itch and tickle?

A

Tactile

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22
Q

Most tactile sensation receptors are located where?

A

skin or subcutaneous tissue

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23
Q

Which receptors detect: Hot & Cold?

A

Thermal

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24
Q

Thermal receptors are located where?

A

epidermis and dermis

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25
Q

Pain receptors are located in virtually all tissues of the body EXCEPT where?

A

the brain

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26
Q

Most tactile sensations are detected by what type of receptors?

located in the?

A

mechanoreceptors

superficial and deep dermal layers

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27
Q

Temperatures between (10 - 40º C) or (50 - 105ºF) activates what type of thermal receptor?

located in the?

A

cold receptors

epidermis

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28
Q

Temperatures between (32 - 48º C) or (90 - 118ºF) activate what type of thermal receptor?

located in the

A

warm receptors

dermis

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29
Q

What temperature range can be detected by thermoreceptors?

A

50ºF - 118ºF

30
Q

Temperatures below (50ºF) or above (118ºF) stimulate __________ instead of thermoreceptors, thus eliciting painful stimulations.

A

Nociceptors

31
Q

What receptors detect extreme temperatures, inadequate blood flow to an organ, or excessive stretching of an organ?

A

Nociceptors

32
Q

Do nociceptors adapt to pain?

A

No

33
Q

What pain is known as: acute, sharp, or pricking pain?

Example: from a needle puncture

A

Fast pain

34
Q

What pain tends to be: chronic, aching, burning, or throbbing?

A

Slow pain

35
Q

Is fast pain localized or diffuse?

A

localized

36
Q

Is slow pain localized or diffuse?

A

diffuse

37
Q

What is pain felt in a surface area far from the stimulated organ called?

example: pain from a heart attack which radiates along the left arm.

A

referred pain

38
Q

Where are the 4 places proprioceptors are located?

A
  1. skeletal muscles (muscle spindles)
  2. tendons (tendon organs)
  3. synovial joints (joint kinesthetic receptors)
  4. inner ears (hair cells)
39
Q

What is also known as the kinesthetic sense or the perception of body movements?

A

Proprioception

40
Q

Muscles spindles (in the muscles) inform us of what?

A

which muscle are contracting

41
Q

Tendons organs (in the tendons) inform us of what?

A

the amount of tension in our tendons

42
Q

Joint kinesthetic (in and around synovial joints) inform us of what?

A

the position of our joints while doing work.

43
Q

Hairs cells in the middle ear monitors the orientation of what?

A

the head relative to the ground and positioning during movements

44
Q

What allow us to estimate the weight of objects and determine
the muscular effort needed to perform a task?

A

Proprioceptive sensations

45
Q

Olfaction is what?

A

sense of smell

46
Q

Olfactory receptors are located in the __________ in the superior portion of the ____________.

A

nasal epithelium
nasal cavity

47
Q

What are the 3 types of cells in the olfactory epithelium?

A
  1. olfactory receptor cells
  2. supporting cells
  3. basal cells
48
Q

In order to be smelled, substances (odorants) must be dissolved by what?

What serves as a solvent for the inhaled odorants?

A

Mucus secreted

Olfactory glands

49
Q

The interaction of the olfactory receptor cells and the odorant molecules leads to what?

A

nerve impulses

50
Q

Adaptation to odors occurs (quickly/slowly), and the threshold of smell is (low/high)?

A

quickly

low

51
Q

What are neurons with olfactory cilia in the olfactory epithelium that detect chemicals called odorants?

A

Olfactory receptors cells

52
Q

Olfactory receptor axons form olfactory nerves (cranial nerve I) and extend through the _________ to __________.

A

cribriform plate

olfactory bulb

53
Q

At the olfactory bulb, they synapse with olfactory bulb neurons forming the __________.

A

olfactory tract

54
Q

What causes our emotional response to odors?

A

the limbic system

55
Q

What is gustation?

A

sense of taste

56
Q

What are the 5 primary tastes?

A
  1. salty
  2. sweet
  3. sour
  4. bitter
  5. umami
57
Q

The gustatory receptor cells are located mainly where?

A

taste buds on the surface of the
tongue

58
Q

Taste buds are found in raised bumps on the tongue called what?

A

fungiform papillae

59
Q

Taste buds consist of 3 kinds of epithelial cells:

A
  1. supporting cells
  2. gustatory receptor cells
  3. basal cells
60
Q

To be tasted, substances (tastants) must be dissolved in what?

A

saliva

61
Q

Once dissolved, tastants enter taste pores and make contact with what?

A

gustatory hairs

62
Q

The electrical signal for taste that stimulates _________ to transmit a nerve impulse.

A

gustatory receptor cell

63
Q

Does adaption to taste occur quickly?

A

Yes

64
Q

CN 7 carries taste information from?

CN 9 carries taste information from?

CN 10 carries taste information from?

A

anterior 2/3 of the tongue

posterior 1/3 of the tongue

taste buds on the epiglottis and in the throat

65
Q

From the taste buds, impulses propagate along these cranial nerves to what?

A

the midbrain

66
Q

From the midbrain, the axons go to the final destination of _____________ for the conscious perception of taste.

A

primary gustatory area

67
Q

Some axons go to the _________ and the __________ for emotions related to food.

A

limbic system

hypothalamus

68
Q

Eyebrows and eyelashes both act to protect the eye from what?

A

foreign objects, perspiration and direct sun rays

68
Q

Eyebrows and eyelashes both act to protect the eye from what?

A

foreign objects, perspiration and direct sun rays

69
Q

Eyelids shade the eyes…

A

during sleep, protect it from excessive light and spread lubrication over the eyeballs by blinking.

70
Q

Lacrimal apparatus group of glands, duct and canals that produce and drain…

A

tears in both eyes.

HEENT (2 decks)

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