1204

Question 1

In order to raise revenue, the federal government planned a tax amnesty program that allows tax delinquents to pay all owed tax without added financial penalty. However, economists projected that the federal government would collect a far lower percentage of total tax owed by delinquents than did state governments implementing similar programs.

Which of the following, if true, would most contribute to an explanation of the economists’ projections?

C. Although federal tax delinquents usually must pay high financial penalties, the states require far lower financial penalties.
D. The state tax rate varies considerably from state to state, but the federal tax is levied according to laws which apply to citizens of all the states.
E. Unlike most federal tax delinquents, most state tax delinquents fail to pay state tax because of an oversight rather than a decision not to pay.

Answer 1

C- penalties will be removed , irrelevant
D-so what
E-unlike implies that federal tax delinquents not pay because they don’t want to
But for state tax delinquents they are simply unaware

E bingo!

Question 2

Levy

Answer 2

Impose

Question 3

Delinquent

Answer 3

Likely to commit a crime

Question 4

Oversight

Answer 4

간과

Question 5

1. In early 1990, Queenston instituted a tax increase that gave its school systems a larger operating budget. The school system used the larger budgets to increase the total number of teachers in the system by 30 percent between 1990 and 1993. Nevertheless, there was no change in the average number of students per teacher between 1990 and 1993.
   If the statements above are true, then on the basis of them which one of the following must also be true?

(A) No classes in Queenston’s school system experienced an increase in enrollment between 1990 and 1993.
(B) The total number of students enrolled in Queenston’s school systems increased between 1990 and 1993.
(C) The operating budget of Queenston’s school system increased by exactly 30 percent between 1990 and 1993.
(D) Most teachers who worked for Queenston’s school system in 1990 were still working for the system in 1993.
(E) The quality of education in Queenston’s school system improved between 1990 and 1993.

Answer 5

B

Question 6

Newspaper editors should not allow reporters to write the headlines for their own stories. The reason for this is that, while the headlines that reporters themselves write are often clever, what typically makes them clever is that they allude to little-known information that is familiar to the reporter but that never appears explicitly in the story itself.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

(A) The reporter who writes a story is usually better placed than the reporter’s editor is to judge what the story’s most newsworthy features are.
(B) To write a headline that is clever, a person must have sufficient understanding of the story that the headline accompanies.
(C) Most reporters rarely bother to find out how other reporters have written stories and headlines about the same events that they themselves have covered.
(D) For virtually any story that a reporter writes there are at least a few people who know more about the story’s subject matter than does the reporter.
(E) The kind of headlines that newspaper editors want are those that anyone who has read a reporter’s story in its entirety will recognize as clever.

Answer 6

E

Question 7

Concert promoter : Some critics claim that our concert series lacks popular appeal. But our income from the sales of t-shirts and other memorablilia at the concert is equal to or greater than that for similar sales at comparable series. So those critics are mistaken.

The concert promoter’s argument is flawed in that it

(A) attacks the critics on the basis of emotional consideration rather than factual ones
(B) takes for granted that income from sales of memorabilia is the sole indicator of popular appeal
(C) takes for granted that the comparable series possess popular appeal
(D) draws a conclusion about the popularity of a series based on a comparison with other, dismissing events
(E) fails to adequately distinguish the series as a whole from individual concerts in it

Answer 7

B

Question 8

An advertisement designed to convince readers of the great durability of automobiles manufactured by the Deluxe Motor Car Company cites as evidence the fact that over half of all automobiles built by the company since 1970 are still on the road today, compared to no more than a thrid for any other manufacturer.

Which one of the following, if true, most strongly supports the advertisement’s argument?

(A) After taking inflation into account, a new Deluxe automobile costs only slightly more than a new model did in 1970.
(B) The number of automobiles built by Deluxe each year has not increased sharply since 1970.
(C) Owners of Deluxe automobiles typically keep their cars well maintained.
(D) Since 1970, Deluxe has made fewer changes in the automobiles it manufactures than other car companies have made in their automobiles.
(E) Deluxe automobiles have been selling at relatively stable prices in recent years.

Answer 8

B
Suppose the company build 1,000 units each year till 2005(70,000 - Total) ,then 10,000 units each year till 2012(total 70,000) and the life of vehicle is only 5 years, then we can say the argument is invalid, as the evidence is deceiving(number of vehicles on road will be half of the vehicles manufactured since 1970). By saying that the number of units have not sharply increased, we can eliminate this possibility. So this is the correct option.

Question 9

7. For-profit colleges serve far fewer students than either public or private non-profit colleges. At the same time, relative to non-profit colleges, for-profit colleges draw a disproportionate share of federal and state financial aid, such as tuition grants and guaranteed loans, for their students. It must be, then, that for-profit colleges enroll a greater proportion of financially disadvantaged students than do non-profit colleges.

The conclusion above depends on which of the following assumptions?

A. Public non-profit colleges and private non-profit colleges enroll a similar proportion of financially disadvantaged students.
B. For-profit colleges do not engage in fraudulent practices in helping their students obtain unneeded federal and state financial aid.

Answer 9

B

Question 10

Teenagers are often priced out of the labor market by the government-mandated minimum-wage level because employers cannot afford to pay that much for extra help. Therefore, if Congress institutes a subminimum wage, a new lower legal wage for teenagers, the teenage unemployment rate, which has been rising since 1960, will no longer increase.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument above?
(A) Since 1960 the teenage unemployment rate has risen when the minimum wage has risen.
(B) Since 1960 the teenage unemployment rate has risen even when the minimum wage remained constant.

Answer 10

B

Question 11

At large amusement parks, live shows are used very deliberately to influence crowd movements. Lunchtime performances relieve the pressure on a park’s restaurants. Evening performances have a rather different purpose: to encourage visitors to stay for supper. Behind this surface divergence in immediate purpose there is the unified underlying goal of______

(A) keeping the lines at the various rides short by drawing off part of the crowd

(E) utilizing the restaurants at optimal levels for as much of the day as possible

Answer 11

E

Question 12

Once consumers recognize that a period of inflation has begun, there is generally an increase in consumer spending. This increase can be readily explained by consumers’ desire not to postpone purchases that will surely increase in price. But during protracted periods of inflation, consumers eventually begin to put off making even routine purchases, despite the fact that consumers continue to expect prices to rise and despite the fact that salaries also rise during inflationary periods.

Which one of the following, if true, most helps to explain the apparent inconsistency in consumer behavior described above?

(A) During times of inflation consumers save more money than they do in noninflationary periods.
(D) If significant numbers of consumers are unable to make purchases, prices will eventually fall but salaries will not be directly affected.
(E) Consumers’ purchasing power decreases during periods of protracted inflation since salaries do not keep pace with prices.

Answer 12

E

Question 13

The kinds of hand and wrist injuries that result from extended use of a computer while maintaining an incorrect posture are common among schoolchildren in Harnville. Computers are important to the school curriculum there, so instead of reducing the amount their students use computers, teachers plan to bring about a sharp reduction in the number of these injuries by carefully monitoring their students’ posture when using computers in the classroom.

Which of the following would it be most useful to know in order to assess the likelihood that the teachers’ plan will be successful?

(C) What proportion of schoolchildren in Harnville with hand and wrist injuries use computers extensively outside the classroom

(E) What proportion of schoolchildren in Harnville already use correct posture while using a computer

Answer 13

C

Question 14

Although spinach is rich in calcium, it also contains large amounts of oxalic acid, a substance that greatly impedes calcium absorption by the body. Therefore, other calcium-containing foods must be eaten either instead of or in addition to spinach if a person is to be sure of getting enough calcium.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?

(A) Rice, which does not contain calcium, counteracts the effects of oxalic acid on calcium absorption.
(D) Many leafy green vegetables other than spinach that are rich in calcium also contain high concentrations of oxalic acid.
(E) Oxalic acid has little effect on the body’s ability to absorb nutrients other than calcium.

Answer 14

A

Question 15

The book To Save the Earth is so persuasive that no one who reads it can fail to heed its environmentalist message. Members of the Earth Association have given away 2,000 copies in the last month. Thus the Earth Association can justly claim credit for at least 2,000 people in one month converted to the environmentalist cause.

Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

Answer 15

(D) None of those who received To Save the Earth from a member of the Earth Association were already committed to the environmentalist cause when they received this book.

Question 16

3. Galanin is a protein found in the brain. In an experiment, rats that consistently chose to eat fatty foods when offered a choice between lean and fatty foods were found to have significantly higher concentrations of galanin in their brains than did rats that consistently chose lean over fatty foods. These facts strongly support the conclusion that galanin causes rats to crave fatty foods.

Which one of the following, if true, most supports the argument?

(B) The brains of the rats that consistently chose to eat fatty foods did not contain significantly more fat than did the brains of rats that consistently choose lean foods.

(D) The rats that preferred fatty foods had the higher concentrations of galanin in their brains before they were offered fatty foods.

Answer 16

D

Question 17

Economies in which a high percentage of resources are invested in research and development show greater growth in the long run than do those in which resources are channeled into consumption. Japanese workers spend a higher percentage of their income investing in research and development than do American workers. To grow as fast as Japan has in the past three decades, the United States must change the tax code in order to encourage savings and investment and discourage debt.
Which of the following, if true, tends to weaken the argument?

(A) Japanese research is more focused on consumers than is research by American firms.
(C) Studies have shown that countries with high consumption rates prosper in the short run.
(E) Because a decreasing percentage of the United States is under 40, an age when savings are traditionally low, the savings rate will increase without changes to the tax code.

Answer 17

E

Question 18

the beginning of each month, companies report to the federal government their net loss or gain in jobs over the past month. These reports are then consolidated by the government and reported as the total gain or loss for the past month. Despite accurate reporting by companies and correct tallying by the government, the number of jobs lost was significantly underestimated in the recent recession.
Which one of the following, if true, contributes most to a resolution of the apparent discrepancy described?
(C) Many people who lose their jobs start up their own businesses.
(D) In the recent recession a large number of failing companies abruptly ceased all operations.
(E) The recent recession contributed to the growing preponderance of service jobs over manufacturing jobs.

Answer 18

D 
Answer choice (C): If anything, this answer choice would serve to further confuse the issue, as those who started their own businesses may be considered to have a job, but may not yet be knowledgeable enough about the system to report their entrepreneurship as a gained job. Under such circumstances, the number of jobs lost would have been overestimated. 

Answer choice (D): This is the correct answer choice. If a large number of companies ceased all operations during the current recession, surely one of the operations ceased would have been the reporting of job information to the federal government. Therefore, every single job lost when that company folded would not have been reported, leading to an underestimation of jobs lost.

Question 19

Left-handed persons suffer more frequently than do right-handed persons from certain immune disorders, such as allergies. Left-handers tend to have an advantage over the right-handed majority, however, on tasks controlled by the right hemisphere of the brain, and mathematical reasoning is strongly under the influence of the right hemisphere in most people.

If the information above is true, it best supports which of the following hypotheses?

Answer 19

(C) There are proportionally more left-handers among people whose ability to reason mathematically is above average than there are among people with poor mathematical reasoning ability.

Question 20

In the United States, injuries to passengers involved in automobile accidents are typically more severe than in Europe, where laws require a different kind of safety belt. It is clear from this that the United States needs to adopt more stringent standards for safety belt design to protect automobile passengers better.
Each of the following, if true, weakens the argument above EXCEPT:
(A) Europeans are more likely to wear safety belts than are people in the United States.
(B) Unlike United States drivers, European drivers receive training in how best to react in the event of an accident to minimize injuries to themselves and to their passengers.
(C) Cars built for the European market tend to have more sturdy construction than do cars built for the United States market.
(D) Automobile passengers in the United States have a greater statistical chance of being involved in an accident than do passengers in Europe.（D）
(E) States that have recently begun requiring the European safety belt have experienced no reduction in the average severity of injuries suffered by passengers in automobile accidents.

Answer 20

D

Question 21

Laird: Pure research provides us with new technologies that contribute to saving lives. Even more worthwhile than this, however, is its role in expanding our knowledge and providing new, unexplored ideas.
Kim: Your priorities are mistaken. Saving lives is what counts most of all. Without pure research, medicine would not be as advanced as it is.
Laird and Kim disagree on whether pure research
(A) derives its significance in part from its providing new technologies
(D) has its most valuable achievements in medical applications
(E) has any value apart from its role in providing new technologies to save lives

Answer 21

D
Answer choice (A): Laird believes that pure research does derive such significance, but Kim does not comment on the issue.

Answer choice (D): This is the correct answer choice. Kim believes that pure research does have its most valuable achievement in medical applications, while Laird believes that the most valuable achievement is the expansion of our knowledge.

Answer choice (E): Kim only comments that Laird’s priorities are mistaken, they apparently both believe that there are other such applications of pure research.

Question 22

19. In the country of Marut, the Foreign Trade Agency’s records were reviewed in 1994 in light of information then newly available about neighboring Goro. The review revealed that in every year since 1963, the agency’s projection of what Goro’s gross national product (GNP) would be five years later was a serious underestimate. The review also revealed that in every year since 1963, the agency estimated Goro’s GNP for the previous year—a Goro state secret—very accurately.

Of the following claims, which is most strongly supported by the statements given?
(A) Goro’s GNP fluctuated greatly between 1963 and 1994.
(B) Prior to 1995, Goro had not released data intended to mislead the agency in making its five-year projections.
(C) The amount by which the agency underestimated the GNP it projected for Goro tended to increase over time.
(D) Even before the new information came to light, the agency had reason to think that at least some of the five-year projections it had made were inaccurate.
(E) The agency’s five-year projections of Goro’s GNP had no impact on economic planning in Marut.

Answer 22

D

1. every year since 1963, the agency’s projected what the GNP would be 5 years later. i.e. projections were made for the years 1968, 1969, 1970, … etc.
2. this projection was a serious underestimate.
3. Every year since 1963, they estimated the GNP of the previous year. So, estimates were made for 1962, 1963, 1964, …, 1968, 1969, 1970,… etc.
4. this estimate is very accurate.

What does this imply? That in 1969, when they made an estimate for 1968’s GNP they knew that the projection made in 1963 about 1968’s GNP was a serious underestimate.