1.2 The Scientific Method

Question 1

Induction (Inductive reasoning)

Answer 1

Involves using a small set of specific observations as the basis for forming a general statement about a larger set of observations

Question 2

Variables

Answer 2

Characteristics or conditions that change or have different values for different individuals.

Example: personality, intelligence, age, gender, self-esteem, height, weight, and so on.

Question 3

Hypothesis

Answer 3

A statement that describes or explains a relationship between or among variables. A hypothesis is not a final answer but a proposal to be tested and evaluated.

Question 4

Deduction (Deductive Reasoning)

Answer 4

A general statement as the basis for reaching a conclusion about specific examples

Question 5

Scientific Method

Answer 5

A method of acquiring knowledge that uses observations to develop a hypothesis, and then uses the hypothesis to make logical predictions that can be empirically tested by making additional, systematic observations.
Typically, the new observations lead to a new hypothesis

Question 6

Science Is Empirical

Answer 6

Answers are obtained by making structured or systematic observations
-Results will provide clear support for the hypothesis or will clearly refute the hypothesis

Question 7

Science Is Public

Replication

Answer 7

Observations are available for evaluation by others

Repetition of observation allows verification of the findings. Only public observations can be repeated, and only public observations are verifiable

Question 8

Science Is Objective

Answer 8

outcome is not skewed by bias

Question 9

This never-ending process of using empirical tests (observations) to build and refine our current knowledge (hypothesis) is the basis of the scientific method.

Answer 9

The scientific method can be viewed as a circular process or a spiral of steps. Initial observations lead to a hypothesis and a prediction, which leads to more observations and then to a new hypothesis.

Question 10

What is pseudoscience? (Science vs Pseudoscience)

Answer 10

A system of ideas often presented as science
Lacks some of the key components essential to scientific research
Examples: aromatherapy, astrology, and intelligent design.
Unsupported by empirical evidence