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H Chemistry > 1.2 Structure And Bonding > Flashcards

1.2 Structure And Bonding Flashcards

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1
Q

What do atoms do in a covalent bond?

A

Share pairs of electrons

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2
Q

What is the covalent bond a result of?

A

2 positive nuclei being held together by their common attraction for the shared pair of electrons.

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3
Q

When are polar covalent bonds formed?

A

When the attraction of the atoms for the pair of bonding electrons is different

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4
Q

What can be used to indicate the partial charges on atoms?

A

Delta positive (δ+) and delta negative (δ-) notation - this gives a rise to a dipole

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5
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

The electrostatic force of attraction between positive and negative ions.

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6
Q

How is an ionic compound structured?

A

They form lattice structures of oppositely charged ions

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7
Q

What is the positioning of pure covalent bonding, ionic bonding and polar covalent bonding on a bonding continuum?

A

Pure covalent bonding and ionic bonding can be considered as opposite ends of a bonding continuum, with polar covalent bonding lying between these two extremes.

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8
Q

What gives an indication of the ionic character?

A

The difference in electronegativity between bonded atoms.

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9
Q

The larger the difference in electronegativities…

A

The more polar the bond will be.

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10
Q

If the difference in electronegativities is large, what happens to the movement of bonding electrons?

A

The movement of bonding electrons from the element of lower electronegativity to the element of higher electronegativity is complete, resulting in the formation of ions.

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11
Q

When are compounds often ionic?

A

When the bond is formed between metals and non-metals.

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12
Q

What are van der waals forces?

A

Intermolecular forces acting between molecules

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13
Q

What are the different types of van der waals forces?

A

London dispersion forces
Permanent dipole - permanent dipole interactions
hydrogen bonding

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14
Q

What are London dispersion forces?

A

-Forces of attraction that can operate between all atoms and molecules.
-These forces are much weaker than all other types of bonding.

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15
Q

How are LDFs formed?

A

As a result of electrostatic attraction between temporary dipoles and induced dipoles caused by movement of electrons in atoms and molecules.

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16
Q

What is the strength of LDFs related to?

A

The number of electrons within an atom or molecule

17
Q

When is a molecule described as polar

A

If it has a permanent dipole

18
Q

What are pd-pd interactions?

A

Additional electrostatic forces of attraction between polar molecules.

19
Q

Which is stronger? - pd-dp interactions or LDFs

A

pd-pd interactions are stronger than LDFs for molecules with similar numbers of electrons.

20
Q

What bonds are highly polar?

A

Bonds consisting of a hydrogen atom bonded to an atom of a strongly electronegative element such as fluorine, oxygen or nitrogen.

21
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

Electrostatic forces of attraction between molecules that contain these highly polar bonds.

22
Q

What is the solubility of non-polar molecular substances?

A

Tend to be soluble in non-polar solvents and insoluble in polar solvents.

23
Q

How strong are hydrogen bonds?

A

A hydrogen bond is stronger than other forms of pd-pd interactions but weaker than a covalent bond.

24
Q

What features must be considered to predict the solubility of a compound?

A

-Presence in molecules of O-H or N-H bonds, which implies hydrogen bonding.
-Spatial arrangements of polar covalent bonds, which could result in a molecule possessing a permanent dipole.

25
Q

The anomalous boiling points of what are a result of hydrogen bonding?

A

Ammonia, water and hydrogen fluoride.

26
Q

What is the solubility of ionic compounds and polar molecular compounds?

A

They tend to be soluble in polar solvents like water, and insoluble in non-polar solvents.

27
Q

Boiling points, melting points, viscosity and solubility/miscibility in water are properties of…

A

substances that are affected by hydrogen bonding

28
Q

What are the melting point and boiling points of polar vs non-polar substances?

A

The mp and bp of polar substances are higher than the mp and bp of non-polar substances with similar numbers of electrons.

29
Q

What can melting points, boiling points, and viscosity be rationalised in terms of?

A

The nature and strength of the intermolecular forces that exist between molecules

H Chemistry (8 decks)

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