[12] Strabismus Flashcards
What is strabismus also known as?
Squint
What is strabismus?
Misalignment of the eyes
What happens as a result of the misalignment of the eyes in strabismus?
The retinal image is not in the corresponding area of both eyes which may cause diplopia in adults or amblyopia in children
What is amblyopia?
Lazy eye
How is strabismus most commonly described?
By the direction of the eye misalignment
What is the suffix for manifest squints?
-tropia
What prefix is used for an inward ocular deviation in strabismus?
eso-
What prefix is used for an outward ocular deviation in strabismus?
exo-
When can the severity of a horizontal squint (eso/exo) vary?
With up/down gaze
If deviation is greater in an upward gaze what pattern does the squint follow?
V pattern
If the deviation is greater in a downward gaze, what pattern does the squint follow ?
A pattern
What prefix is used for an upward ocular deviation in strabismus?
hyper-
What prefix is used for a downward ocular deviation in strabismus?
hypo-
Are vertical or horizontal squints more common?
Horizontal
What is a manifest squint?
A squint present when the eyes are open and being used
What is another term for a manifest squint?
Heterotropia
What is it called when eyes are perfectly aligned?
Orthophoria
What is a latent squint?
When the eye deviates when it is covered or closed
What suffix is used for a latent squint?
-phoria
Do most people have orthophoria?
No, most people have a mild latent squint
What is the mild latent squint that most people have called?
Heterophoria
What are the different ways of classifying a squint?
- Congenital or Acquired
- Right, Left or Alternating
- Permanent or Intermittent
- Manifest or Latent
- Concomitant or Incomitant
- Primary, Secondary or Consecutive
When is a squint congenital?
If onset is before 6 months of age
What is an alternating squint?
The patient can alternate fixation between right and left eye - usually spontaneous but can be voluntary
What is another term for a concomitant squint?
Non-paralytic
What is another term for an incomitant squint?
Paralytic
What happens in a concomitant squint?
The size of the deviation does not vary with direction of gaze
When do concomitant squints normally begin?
Typically between 2-4 years
What type of squint is mostly concomitant?
Esotropias
What happens in an incomitant squint?
The direction of gaze affects the size or presence of the squint
When can incomitant squints arise?
Childhood or adulthood
What causes incomitant squints?
Problems with the muscles controlling eye movement
What sort of problems with they extra-ocular muscles can lead to incomitant squint?
- Neurological problems
- Mechanical problems
- Myogenic problems
Are most squints primary, secondary or consecutive?
Primary
What is a secondary squint?
Arises due to loss or impairment of vision