(12) Relations with indigenous peoples Flashcards

1
Q

Challenges in India?

A
  • In the 1890s the British found opposition in the Indian Professional classes and nationalist newspapers
  • Tilak the editor of ‘Kesari’ and Paranjape who founded ‘Kaal’ in 1898 were sentenced to imprisonment for stirring up hostility in 1908 - released in 1910
  • Kaal was banned
  • The Young India organisation, founded in 1903, became the home of political activists who planned and carried out assassinations of British officials, including Arthur Jackson a magistrate
  • The partition of Bengal started the swadeshi campaign which carried out protests and most importantly boycotts of British goods, Bengal was reunited in 1911
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2
Q

Challenges in Africa (Somaliland)?

A
  • Sayyid Hassan, religious warrior built up a force of 20,000 Dervish forces armed with Ottoman Empire weapons
  • Wanted to drive all Christians into the sea
  • From 1900 his forces raided British Somaliland
  • The British joined forces with the Emperor of Ethiopia but did not stop the raiders until after the First World War
  • The British lost the battle of Dul Madoba in August 1913 with their Camel Constabulary
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3
Q

Challenges in Africa (Zanzibar)?

A
  • August 1896, suspicious death of pro-British leader Sultan Hamoud
  • Khalid bin Barghash assumed control of Zanzibar with his 6000 troops
  • The British heavily bombarded the city from ships anchored nearby and the war was over in less than two days
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4
Q

Challenges in Africa (West Africa)?

A
  • Colonel Cardew introduced the ‘hut tax’ and instead local chiefs maintained the roads
  • The locals resisted this
  • Cardew started a ‘scorched earth’ policy and hung 96 of the chief’s warriors
  • The primary adversary Chief Bureh was defeated in November 1898
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5
Q

Challenges in the Sudan?

A
  • Kitchener’s conquest of the Sudan was covered by the Daily Mail as the fall of ‘the worst tyranny in the world’
  • Battle of Omdurman and the fall of Khartoum 1898
  • Many Sudanese welcomed the fall of the Mahdist Regime as the Sudanese economy had declined and 50% of the population died through famine, disease and warfare
  • Took British more than 30 years to subdue the tribes in the south of the Sudan
  • The Sudanese did not agree with the implementation of a modern government, lad tenure rules and taxation
  • Tribes refused to pay tax or renounce their customs, the British acted heavily
  • 33 British punitive expeditions
  • Mahdist uprisings in 1902-03, 1904, 1908
  • Public hangings without trial for the rebels
  • British increased economic development, telegraph poles and railway lines in the north of Sudan, Port Sudan opened in 1906, 1911 Gezira Scheme to provide high quality cotton for Britain
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6
Q

Causes of the Second Boer War?

A
  • Cecil Rhodes became Prime Minister of the Cape in 1890 and heavily pushed for the collection of the Boer Republics into a South African Federation, in which the British and Cape would influence - stemmed from the Transvaal hurting his business with high tariffs and from his personal hatred of Paul Kruger
  • Transvaal was strong since 1886 discovery of gold on the Rand and then it opened a rail network to Portuguese-controlled port of Lourenco Marques
  • Chamberlian and Rhodes worried about Britain losing its dominance in the region
  • They then supported the Jameson raid which failed in 1895
  • Continuing clashes over the voting rights of Uitlanders
  • Alfred Milner, South African High Commissioner from 1897, was very aggressive with Kruger and at the Bloemfontein Conference of May-June 1899 he demanded voting rights to the Uitlanders, Kruger refused
  • In October 1899 Kruger issued an ultimatum which Milner refused and so the Boers attacked the Cape initiating war
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7
Q

Consequences of the Second Boer War?

A
  • Kitchener started a ‘scorched earth policy and burnt farms and livestock
  • Boer families (mainly women and children) and black Africans were placed in concentration camps (20,000 died)
  • Boers surrendered in May 1902
  • War dragged on for over 2 and a half years
  • Cost £230,000
  • Involved 400,000 troops
  • 22,000 British were killed
  • 6000 Boer troops killed
  • Showed the vulnerability of the British imperial control
  • Had to call on troops from all over the Empire, mainly India, leaving other colonies badly defended
  • Dampened jingoism and led to a need for national efficiency
  • Treaty of Vereeniging May 1902 granted the Boers £3 million compensation for their farms
  • Milner worked to integrate the Boer and British economies
  • Transvaal given self-governing status in 1906
  • Orange River Colony given self-governing status 1907
  • Union of South Africa 1910, a British dominion
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