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AH Biology > 1.2 Proteins > Flashcards

1.2 Proteins Flashcards

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1
Q

Genome

A

All of the hereditary information encoded in DNA

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2
Q

All of the hereditary information encoded in DNA

A

Genome

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3
Q

What is the information of the genome organised into

A

Chromosomes

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4
Q

First step in protein synthesis

A

Transcription

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5
Q

Transcription

A

First step in protein synthesis

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6
Q

What is the genetic code on DNA used to determine

A

The base sequence on mRNA

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7
Q

What determines the base sequence on mRNA

A

Genetic code on DNA

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8
Q

Intron

A

Non coding regions which are removed from the primary mRNA transcript

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9
Q

Non coding regions which are removed from the primary mRNA transcript

A

Intron

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10
Q

Exon

A

coding regions which are joined together to form a mature RNA transcript

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11
Q

What is used to determine the sequence of amino acids in translation

A

Codons on mRNA

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12
Q

coding regions which are joined together to form a mature RNA transcript

A

Exon

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13
Q

Translation

A

Mature mRNA moved out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm

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14
Q

Mature mRNA moved out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm

A

Translation

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15
Q

tRNA

A

has an anti codon site

And

Amino acid site

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16
Q

What codes for one amino acid

A

Codon

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17
Q

What does every protein start with

A

A methionine

AUG

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18
Q

Codon

A

3 bases that code for one amino acid

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19
Q

Stop codon

A

Codons which signal the end of an amino acid

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20
Q

Codons which signal the end of an amino acid

A

Stop codon

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21
Q

Codons are on…

A

mRNA

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22
Q

Peptide bonds form between what

A

Amino acids

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23
Q

What form between amino acids

A

Peptide bonds

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24
Q

Where is the protein released after forming

A

Cytoplasm

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25
Q

What is replaced into the cytoplasm after forming

A

Protein

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26
Q

Where is the protein released from

A

The ribosome

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27
Q

How many times can a tRNA molecule be used

A

Many times

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28
Q

What is usually reused to form more polypeptide chains

A

mRNA

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29
Q

Prokaryote

A

A single celled organism which has no distinct nucleus with a membrane or any other specialised organelles

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30
Q

A single celled organism which has no distinct nucleus with a membrane or any other specialised organelles

A

Prokaryote

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31
Q

What do prokaryotes include

A

Bacteria

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32
Q

Eukaryote

A

An organism consisting of a cell, or many cells, in which the genetic material is DNA

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33
Q

An organism consisting of a cell, or many cells, in which the genetic material is DNA

A

Eukaryote

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34
Q

DNA in eukaryotes

A

in form of chromosomes

Found within a distinct, membrane bound nucleus

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35
Q

in form of chromosomes

Found within a distinct, membrane bound nucleus

A

Eukaryote

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36
Q

The proteome

A

The entire set of proteins expressed by a genome

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37
Q

The entire set of proteins expressed by a genome

A

The proteome

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38
Q

Genes that don’t code for proteins

A

Non coding RNA genes

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39
Q

What does non coding RNA genes include

A

Those that are transcribed to produce tRNA, rRNA and RNA molecules that control the expression of other genes

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40
Q

How many proteins can be produced from a single gene

A

Many

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41
Q

What does alternative splicing allow for

A

Multiple different functional mRNAs to be made from a single gene

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42
Q

Multiple different functional mRNAs to be made from a single gene

A

Alternative splicing

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43
Q

What can be produced from one gene

A

Many different isoforms of proteins

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44
Q

What can produce many different isoforms of proteins

A

One gene

45
Q

Primary mRNA is made up of…

A

Exons

Introns

46
Q

Mature mRNA is made up of…

A

exons

47
Q

What must happen to pre-mRNA (primary transcript) before being functional

A

Spliced to remove introns

48
Q

What is produced from mRNA splicing

A

Mature RNA

49
Q

Describe alternative splicing

A

Different combinations of exons are joined together

Order remains the same

50
Q

Different combinations of exons are joined together

Order remains the same

A

Alternative splicing

51
Q

Many different mRNA sequences can be made from…

A

One gene

52
Q

For each different mature mRNA, a different _________ is synthesised during translation

A

Protein isoform

53
Q

The set of proteins expressed by a cell can vary …

A

Over time and under different conditions

54
Q

Factors that can affect the set of proteins expressed by a given cell type…

A

Metabolic activity

Cellular stress

The response to signalling molecules

Diseased vs healthy cells

55
Q

Metabolic activity

Cellular stress

The response to signalling molecules

Diseased vs healthy cells

A

Factors that can affect the set of proteins expressed by a given cell type

56
Q

What can proteins produced by a given cell change due to

A

Disease

Specific markers in the proteome can be early indicators of heart disease or cancer

57
Q
A
58
Q

Is the proteome larger or smaller than the number of genes

A

Larger

59
Q

Why is the proteome larger than the number of genes

A

More than one protein can be produced from a single gene as a result of RNA splicing

60
Q

In what cells will the proteome be far larger than the number of genes

A

Eukaryotes

61
Q

What does alternative RNA splicing mean for the comparison of proteome and no. of genes

A

Proteome is larger as multiple proteins expressed from one gene

62
Q

What are tRNA, rRNA, and RNA molecules that control the expression of other genes

A

Non coding RNA regions

63
Q

Eukaryotic cells have a system of _______ which increases the total area of membrane

A

Internal membranes

64
Q

Eukaryotes have a ____ surface area to volume ratio

A

Small

65
Q

Eukaryotes have a small ___________ ratio

A

Surface area to volume

66
Q

Problem with plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells

A

Too small an area to carry out all the vital functions carried out by membranes

67
Q

What is too small an area to carry out all the vital functions carried out by membranes

A

The plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells

68
Q

What does endoplasmic reticulum form

A

Network of membrane tubules continuous with the nuclear membrane

69
Q

What forms a network of membrane tubules continuous with the nuclear membrane

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

70
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

A series of flattered membrane disks

71
Q

A series of flattered membrane disks

A

The Golgi apparatus

72
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane-bound organelles containing a variety of hydrolases that digest proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates

73
Q

Membrane-bound organelles containing a variety of hydrolases that digest proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates

A

Lysosomes

74
Q

What do vesicles do

A

Transport materials between membrane compartments

75
Q

What transport materials between membrane compartments

A

Vesicles

76
Q

What are synthesised in the ER

A

Lipids and proteins

77
Q

Where are lipids and proteins located

A

In the ER

78
Q

Rough ER ribosomes

A

Ribosomes on its cytosolic face

79
Q

What has ribosomes on its cytosolic face

A

Rough ER

80
Q

Smooth ER ribosomes

A

Lacks ribosomes

80
Q

What ER lacks ribosomes

A

Smooth ER

81
Q

What ER are lipids synthesised in

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

82
Q

What are synthesised in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Lipids

83
Q

What happens to lipids

A

They are synthesised in the SER and inserted into its membrane

84
Q

what are synthesised in the SER and inserted into its membrane

A

Lipids

85
Q

Where does the synthesis of all proteins begin

A

The cytosolic ribosomes

86
Q

What begins at the cytosolic ribosomes

A

the synthesis of all proteins begin

87
Q

Where do proteins remain when they are synthesised

A

The cytosol

88
Q

What do transmembrane proteins carry

A

A signal sequence that halts translation and directs the ribosome synthesising the protein to dock with the ER, forming the RER

89
Q

What carries a signal halts translation and directs the ribosome synthesising the protein to dock with the ER, forming the RER

A

Transmembrane proteins

90
Q

What is a signal sequence

A

Short stretch of amino acids at one end of the polypeptide that determines the eventual location of a protein in a cell

91
Q

Short stretch of amino acids at one end of the polypeptide that determines the eventual location of a protein in a cell

A

Signal sequence

92
Q

What continues after docking

A

Translation

93
Q

What happens after docking

A

Translation is continued and the protein is inserted into the membrane of the ER

94
Q

When does translation continue and the protein is inserted into the membrane of the ER

A

After docking

95
Q

What happens once proteins are in the ER

A

They are transported by vesicles that bud off from the ER and fuse with the golgi apparatus

96
Q

What are transported by vesicles that bud off from the ER and fuse with the golgi apparatus

A

Proteins

97
Q

What happens when proteins move through the Golgi apparatus

A

They undergo post translational modifications

98
Q

When do proteins undergo post translational modifications

A

When they move through the Golgi apparatus

99
Q

Molecules moving from the golgi discs

A

Move through in vesicles that bud off from one disc and fuse to the next one in the stack

100
Q

Where do molecules move through in vesicles that bud off from one disc and fuse to the next one in the stack

A

In the golgi discs

101
Q

What do enzymes catalyse in the golgi discs

A

The addition of various sugars in multiple steps to form the carbohydrates

102
Q

What catalyse the addition of various sugars in multiple steps to form the carbohydrates

A

Enzymes

103
Q

What is the addition of carbohydrate groups

A

The major modifications

104
Q

The major modifications

A

The addition of carbohydrate groups

105
Q

What do vesicles that leave the Golgi apparatus do

A

Take proteins to the plasma membrane and lysosomes

106
Q

What take proteins to the plasma membrane and lysosomes

A

Vesicles that leave the golgi apparatus

107
Q
A

AH Biology (3 decks)

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