1.2 Physical Examination of Urine

Question 1

It is the first part/stage in urinalysis after spx collection

Answer 1

Physical examination

Question 2

Physical examination includes

Answer 2

• color
• clarity
• specific gravity

Question 3

What is the most abundant pigment present in urine that gives off a yellow color

Answer 3

Urochrome

Question 4

Who named the pigment of urine, “urochrome”

Answer 4

Thudichum

Question 5

What are the two additional pigment of urine?

Answer 5

Uroerythrin & urobilin

Question 6

It is a pigment that is is a product of endogenous metabolism, and under normal conditions, the body produces it at a constant rate

Answer 6

Urochrome

Question 7

Increased amounts of Urochrome occurs with :

Answer 7

• px w thyroid conditions
• px in fasting state
• urine that stands at room temp

Question 8

It is a pigment that imparts an orange-brown color to urine that is not fresh

Answer 8

Urobilin

Question 9

It is a pigment that is an oxidation product of the normal urinary constituent urobilinogen

Answer 9

Urobilin

Question 10

It is a pink pigment that gives the urine it’s red color

Answer 10

Uroerythrin

Question 11

Uroerythrin is most evident in spx that have been _______ since it attaches to precipitated urates

Answer 11

Refrigerated

Question 12

It is an abnormal urine color

Answer 12

Dark yellow/amber/orange

Question 13

The dark yellow/orange/amber color of urine can be caused by the presence of the abnormal pigment _________

Answer 13

bilirubin

Question 14

Bilirubin can be detected in the urine through the _______ test with a positive result of _______

Answer 14

Foam test ; yellow foam

Question 15

The ______________ of large amounts of excreted urobilinogen to urobilin also produces a yellow-orange urine

Answer 15

photo-oxidation

Question 16

Photo-oxidation of bilirubin imparts a yellow-green color to the urine caused by the presence of _________

Answer 16

biliverdin

Question 17

frequently encountered in the urinalysis laboratory is the yellow-orange spx caused by the administration of ____________ or azo-gantrisin compounds to people who have UTI

Answer 17

phenazopyridine

Question 18

T or F
Specimens containing phenazopyridine could be mistaken for bilirubin

Answer 18

T (differentiated through foam test)

Question 19

Red/pink/brown pigmented urine can be caused by presence of _____

Answer 19

Blood

Question 20

Red is the usual color that blood produces in urine, but the color may range from pink to brown, depending on:

Answer 20

• amount of blood
• pH of the urine
• the length of contact

Question 21

RBCs remaining in an acidic urine for several hours cause the urine to turn brown due to the oxidation of hemoglobin to ___________

Answer 21

methemoglobin

Question 22

A fresh urine containing blood that is brown also may indicate __________

Answer 22

glomerular bleeding

Question 23

Besides RBCs, two other substances produce a red urine and result in a positive chemical test result for blood:

Answer 23

• hemoglobin
• myoglobin

Question 24

What is the appearance of the urine when a px has hematuria

Answer 24

Red and cloudy

Question 25

Urine specimens containing **porphyrins** also may appear ____ (**port wine**)

Answer 25

Red (porphobilinogen to porphyrins)

Question 26

What are some nonpathologic causes of red urine

Answer 26

- menstrual contamination - ingestion of highly pigmented foods - medications (rifampin, phenolphthalein, etc)

Question 27

Eating fresh **beets** causes a red color in ________ urine

Answer 27

alkaline

Question 28

Ingestion of **blackberries** can produce a red color in _________ urine

Answer 28

acidic

Question 29

It is a pigment that imparts a brown/black urine and is an oxidation product of the colorless pigment melanogen

Answer 29

Melanin

Question 30

It is a pigment that that is a metabolite of phenylalanine which imparts a black color to alkaline urine from patient with **inborn error of metabolism** called **alkaptonuria**

Answer 30

Homogenistic acid

Question 31

What are some medications that produce brown or black urine

Answer 31

- anti malarial drugs - laxatives (cascara or senna) - methocarbamol

Question 32

Liver and kidney disorders and muscle injury from extreme exercise can result in __________ urine

Answer 32

Brown / black

Question 33

Non-pathogenic causes of a dark brown urine can include ingesting large amounts of:

Answer 33

Fava beans, rhubarb, aloe

Question 34

Pathogenic causes of **blue/green** urine are limited to _________

Answer 34

bacterial infection

Question 35

What syndrome causes blue urine and is a familial benign hypercalcemia which is a rare inherited disorder

Answer 35

Blue diaper syndrome

Question 36

Ingestion of breath deodorizers (closets) can result in _____ urine

Answer 36

Green

Question 37

It is a general term that refers to the transparency or turbidity of a urine specimen.

Answer 37

Clarity

Question 38

The normal transparency of the urine ________

Answer 38

Clear

Question 39

To determine the color of a urine put it against a _____ background

Answer 39

White

Question 40

To determine the clarity of a urine put it against a _____ background

Answer 40

Printed

Question 41

Urine clarity No visible particulates, transparent

Answer 41

Clear

Question 42

Urine clarity Few particulates, print easily seen through urine

Answer 42

Hazy

Question 43

Urine clarity Many particulates, print blurred through urine

Answer 43

Cloudy

Question 44

Urine clarity Print cannot be seen through urine

Answer 44

Turbid

Question 45

Urine clarity Opaque. May precipitate or be clotted

Answer 45

Milky

Question 46

Unpreserved urine Color

Answer 46

Darkened/changed (oxidation or reduction of metabolites)

Question 47

Unpreserved urine Clarity

Answer 47

Decreased (bacterial growth & of amorphous materials)

Question 48

Unpreserved urine Odor

Answer 48

Increased (bacterial multiplication or breakdown of urea to ammonia)

Question 49

Unpreserved urine pH

Answer 49

Increased (breakdown of urea to ammonia bunurease-producing bacteria/loss of CO2)

Question 50

Unpreserved urine Glucose

Answer 50

Decreased (glycolysis & bacterial use)

Question 51

Unpreserved urine Ketones

Answer 51

Decreased (volatilization & bacterial multiplication)

Question 52

Unpreserved urine Bilirubin

Answer 52

Decreased (exposure to light/photooxidation to biliverdin)

Question 53

Unpreserved urine Urobilinogen

Answer 53

Decreased (oxidation to urobilin)

Question 54

Unpreserved urine Nitrite

Answer 54

Increased (multiplication of nitrate-reducing bacteria)

Question 55

Unpreserved urine RBCs, WBCs, Casts

Answer 55

Decreased (disintegration in dilute alkaline urine)

Question 56

Unpreserved urine Bacteria

Answer 56

Increased (multiplication)