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Biology > 1.2- Nucleic acids > Flashcards

1.2- Nucleic acids Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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2
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

to store genetic information

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3
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

to transfer genetic info from the DNA to the ribosomes

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4
Q

what is a nucleic acid?

A

long chains of nucleotides

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5
Q

what is the structure of a nucleotide?

A

one phosphate group
a pentose sugar
a nitrogenous base

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6
Q

what are the components of a DNA nucleotide?

A

deoxyribose sugar
a phosphate group
an organic base (adenine, guanine, cytosine or thymine)

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7
Q

what are the components of RNA nucleotide?

A

ribose sugar
a phosphate group
an organic base (adenine, guanine, cytosine or uracil)

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8
Q

what reaction occurs between two nucleotides to form a ____________ bond?

A

a condensation reaction forms a phosphodiester bond

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9
Q

what are 3 differences between a DNA molecule and a RNA molecule?

A
  1. DNA is a double helix, RNA is a single helix
  2. DNA is anti-parallel, RNA is not
  3. DNA contains thymine, RNA contains uracil
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10
Q

how many hydrogen bonds are there in each DNA pair?

A

A + T= 2
C + G= 3

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11
Q

what does semi-conservative replication of DNA mean?

A

ensuring genetic continuity between generations of cells as half of the strands in each new DNA molecules are from the original DNA molecule

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12
Q

what are the two enzymes involved in semi-conservative replication?

A
  • DNA helicase -> breaks hydrogen bonds
  • DNA polymerase -> breaks phosphodiester bonds
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13
Q

what is the first step for semi conservative replication?

A
  1. DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between bases on the two polynucleotide DNA strands. The helix unwinds to form two single strands.
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14
Q

second step for semi-conservative replication?

A
  1. Each original single strand acts as a template for a new strand. Complementary base pairing means the free- floating DNA nucleotides are attracted to the complementary exposed bases on each template strand (A with T and C with G)
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15
Q

third step of semi-conservative replication?

A
  1. Condensation reaction join the nucleotides of the new strands together, catalysed by the DNA polymerase. Hydrogen bonds form between the bases on the new and original strands
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16
Q

fourth step of semi conservative replication?

A
  1. Each new DNA molecule contains one strand from the original DNA molecule and one new strand
17
Q

what is the structure of the nucleotide ATP?

A
  • ribose
  • adenine
  • three phosphate groups
18
Q

how is ATP broken down?

A

a hydrolysis reaction of ATP into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and Pi (inorganic phosphate). A phosphate bond is broken and energy is released which is catalysed by the enzyme ATP hydrolase.
-> can be ‘coupled’ to energy requiring reactions

19
Q

what is the purpose of the inorganic phosphate (Pi) ?

A

can phosphorylate other compounds, often making them more reactive

20
Q

how is ATP re-synthesised?

A

a condensation reaction between ADP and Pi. The reaction is catalysed by the enzyme ATP synthase during photosynthesis, or during respiration

21
Q

how is the structure of ADP different to ATP?

A

ADP (adenine diphosphate) has 2 phosphates
ATP (adenine triphosphate) has 3 phosphates

22
Q

what are the 6 main properties of water?

A
  • metabolite
  • high latent heat of vaporisation
  • a solvent
    -high heat capacity
  • strong cohesion
23
Q

what ions are a component for haemoglobin?

A

iron
(- the Fe2+ binds to the oxygen in haemoglobin.
- when oxygen is bound the Fe2+ ion temporarily becomes an Fe 3+ ion)

24
Q

what ions determine the pH?

A

hydrogen ions

( the more H+ ions, the lower the pH= more acidic)

25
Q

what is the role of sodium ions?

A

transport glucose and amino acids across membranes

( a molecule of glucose or an amino acid can be transported along side sodium ions = co-transport)

26
Q

what ion makes up the components of DNA and ATP?

A

PHOSPHATE IONS

  • in ATP, the bonds between phosphate groups store energy
  • in DNA and RNA, phosphates groups allow nucleotides to join up and form polynucleotides

Biology (9 decks)

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