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history: british empire > 1.2 Imperial and Colonial Policy > Flashcards

1.2 Imperial and Colonial Policy Flashcards

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1
Q

In 1867 how many British men could vote out of the total population?

A

2.5 million men out of 30 million total population

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2
Q

what did the right to vote depend on?

A

Property ownership
above the age of 21

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3
Q

What image did the Colonial Office create in regards to the power of colonies?

A

They supposedly represented natives however responsible gover

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4
Q

When was the India Office established and what did it deal with?

A

1858 dealt with Indian and Asian affairs

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5
Q

What was significant about the creation of the India Office?

A

Showed the importance of British involvement in India after the 1857 Indian Rebellion which threatened colonial power

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6
Q

What was Responsible Government?

A

A system of government similar to that of Britain itself where areas had their own governments with their own ministers

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7
Q

What was the limitation of responsible government?

A

Ministers were made up of and represented the settler population leaving natives voiceless and protecting British interests

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8
Q

What were the results of 1871 India Census?

A

236 million people either lived under direct British rule or in colonies protected by treaties with Britain. The cost of Indian government was not far off Britain’s as a result

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9
Q

Why did the British government disperse the East India Company?

A

After prompting the Indian Rebellion in 1857, Britain thought it best to dismiss them to prevent further turmoil as Indians were outraged by their presence in India

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10
Q

What were some policies outlined by the 1858 Government of India Act?

A
  • Cabinet post for the Secretary of State for India was created
  • The India Council was formed to act as an advisory body for the SoS
  • The Queen appointed a Viceroy who executed her powers
  • Indian Civil Service put under the SoS
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11
Q

Why were posts in the Indian Civil Service appealing to admisistrators?

A

it offered status and a good salary

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12
Q

What was the significance of Queen Victoria being labelled empress?

A

It gave the impression that India was now being protected by respectable powers therefore encouraging complacency however, she never visited India

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13
Q

Who were the princely states and why was their cooperation with Britain important?

A

Semi-autonomous regions in India, ruled by local monarchs, under indirect British colonial control. Cooperation was essential as they held influence over the population therefore they could trigger nationalist movements

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13
Q

How were candidate requirements structured to exclude Indians from colonial positions?

A

The requirement to take academic examinations during the process meant that civil servants were virtually all white male

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14
Q

What was the Doctrine of Lapse and when and why was it removed?

A

Dispelled in 19858, the Doctrine of Lapse outlined that the common practice of adopting heirs to continue the lineage in Princely States was banned. When lines of lineage ended Britain was to claim these territories. This angered the Princes and so its removal was pivotal in ensuring Princely loyalty although they had to accept British sovereignty

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15
Q

What were the types of Indians elected into the Indian Civil Service like?

A

They were bilingual Indian elites who acted as yes-men to British administrators whilst falsely seeming to be representatives of Indians

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16
Q

How did Britain aim to strengthen the Indian Army in 1858?

A

They merged British and Indian soldiers

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17
Q

Was the ratio of Indian to British soldiers in the Indian army?

A

1:2
By 1880s there were 70,000 britons and 125,000 Indians

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18
Q

How did the Indian army go through divide and rule?

A

Soldiers were stationed in their own districts meaning they were cut off one and other
they were deliberately mixed by caste and religion to prevent unity

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19
Q

Why did the Indian Army mainly enlist Gurkhas and Sikhs?

A

they had been loyal to Britain during the rebellion so it prevented the risk of turmoil. They replaced Bengali troops which had not been loyal

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20
Q

Why did Viceroy Canning set up an Imperial Police Force?

A

as an extra layer of security to prevent another case of over reliance on the Indian Army

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20
Q

How did railways facilitate Indian Defence?

A

The 3000 miles of track enabled swifter deployment of troops and military equipment.

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20
Q

when was Germany united?

A

1871

21
Q

Why was Germany a threat to Empire?

A

It was the new powerhouse of Europe
- It had a central location
- It had a huge supply of natural recourses
- Its merchant ships made an increasing appearance on the high seas
- It had industrial potential

22
Q

Why was Russia a threat to empire?

A

Although less industrially advanced, they were extending their control to central Asia by 1884
- they began constructing the trans Siberian railway (1891) which Britain feared could carry an army and threaten their security in Asia

22
Q

Why was naval power significant to expand empires?

A

It allowed countries to explore areas and transport goods for trade. This threatened British influence in areas in which they previously faced no competition - Asia and Africa

23
Q

Where did France establish a foothold?

A

Indo-China: Laos, Camodia and Vietnam for commercial purposes

24
Q

How did Britain match French expansion to Indochina?

A

annexations in:
Malaya (1871)
Singapore (1819)
Brunei (1885)

25
Q

What was Thailands position in indochina?

A

It was a buffer state between the rival European powers

26
Q

Why did the Long Depression create interest in Africa?

A

Markets for manufactured goods and new sources of raw materials
international prestige to be gained from acquiring international territories

27
Q

Why were conferences held to sort the ‘scramble for Africa’?

A

International developments created fear surrounding military escalations and so conferences were held to establish spheres of influence

27
Q

when was the Brussels Conference and who was it hosted by?

A

1876
King Leopold III of Belgium

28
Q

What was the main motivation for the Brussels conference?

A

King Leopold wanted to protect his personal interests in his Congo empire

29
Q

what were the limitations of the Brussels conference?

A

The co-operation that the conference promised actually heightened tensions
The powers were suspicious of Leopold’s intentions

29
Q

What did the Conference conclude?

A
  • Africans were incapable of developing their raw materials so European intervention was necessary
  • The routes to Africa’s great lakes needed developed by investment in infrastructure
  • An International African Association should be created to coordinate European efforts
30
Q

What the powers’ reaction to Leopold’s Congo empire?

A

The French hired Pierre de Brazza to assert dominance
Germany hired Gustav Nachtigal to assert influence
France extended their control from Senegal to West Sudan 1879
Portugal asserted their claims to control the mouth of the Congo River 1884

31
Q

When was the Berlin Conference held?

A

1884-85

32
Q

What was the percentage of African territory owned by African locals at the start of 1884

A

80%

33
Q

Who hosted the Berlin Conference?

A

Otto von Bismark

34
Q

What were the aims of the Berlin Conference?

A

Basins of the Nile and Congo river should remain open to trade

35
Q

What did the General Act conclude?

A
  • All nations permitted to trade in the basin of the Congo river (FREE TRADE within these regions
  • Powers with influence in these areas should protect indigenous people and suppress slave trade
  • If any power took possession of further land it should notify the signatories of the Act so they can assert any claims of their own (EFFECTIVE OCCUPATION)
36
Q

What is Free Trade?

A

a market system whereby goods are both imported and exported without the restriction or imposition of tariffs

37
Q

What is effective occupation?

A

A European power which could demonstrate it had a local treaty agreement and active administration to police the territory it claimed. If so, it would be recognises as a sphere of influence by other European powers

38
Q

How much of Africa was occupied by Europe by 1900?

A

90%

39
Q

How was the Berlin Conference a success?

A

It allowed Europeans to expand their empires in a more organised way mitigating the risk of conflict thus bettering relationships

40
Q

What did the Berlin Conference emit?

A

It did not include the rights of Africans and did not put an end to the violence they faced from the powers. There was little African representation

41
Q

Who extended the idea of Africa being a safety valve?

A

A.J.P Taylor who referred to Africa as a safe arena

42
Q

What did A.J.P Taylor outline?

A

He said that Africa was a ‘safe arena’ for competing countries. Due to its size Europe was able to expand their empires without treading on others toes in the pursuit of land and prestige

43
Q

What does informal empire mean?

A

Places influenced by British power, particularly economic power, sealed through free trade agreements or by British investment in the country

44
Q

What was ineffective about the way the spheres of influence were mapped out?

A

There was little concern for natural boarders or ethnic, linguistic or religious division

45
Q

Which promise in the General Act failed to be executed?

A

There was no effort in suppressing the African or Arab slave trade and indigenous populations were not protected but actually overlooked and if not, actively endangered

46
Q

What did British influence typically look like in the informal empire?

A

Influence derived from commerce, financed by British capital, carried in British ships and providing profits for British companies, bankers and insurance firms

47
Q

Which countries were apart of Britains Informal Empire?

A

Argentina, Chile, Peru

48
Q

How much British public capital was there in Latin America?

A

over £80 million by 1865

49
Q

What percentage of imports and exports did Latin America account for?

A

10% by the second half of the 19th century

50
Q

What did a US consul in Bueno’s Aires say about Britain?

A

‘They are in everything except politics, as intimately as though it were a British colony”

51
Q

Give examples on how Britain used threat and force to acquire their informal empire.

A

1861: pressure put on Mexico to keep access open and to uphold free trade treaties
Threats from the Royal Navy ensured compliance in Peru and Chile 1857

history: british empire (4 decks)

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