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15. Reproductive > 12. Histology > Flashcards

12. Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major cells types in the testis?

A

Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, seminiferous epithelium.

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2
Q

What is the appearance of the testis with medium power lens?

A

Seminiferous tubule is surrounded by perilobular connective tissue. Space between tubules are islands of specialised cells - Leydig.

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3
Q

What do Leydig cells secrete?

A

Testosterone.

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4
Q

What is the appearance of seminiferous epithelium with high power examination?

A

Tubules lined by cells with different morphologies - developing male gametes. Spermatogonia lie deepest in tubular wall -> spermatocytes -> spermatids.

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5
Q

Where are the Sertoli cells found?

A

In the seminiferous epithelium. Extend throughout depth of seminiferous epithelium and supporting role for developing germ cells.

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6
Q

What is the epididymis?

A

Single coiled tube.

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7
Q

What is the total length of the epididymis?

A

4-6m.

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8
Q

What is the epithelial lining of the epididymis?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with sterocilia on apical membrane.

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9
Q

How is smooth muscle found in the epididymis?

A

In outside layer, increases as the epididymis approaches vas deferens.

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10
Q

What is the second type of cell found in the epithelium of the epididymis?

A

Basal cells.

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11
Q

What is the role of the first part of the duct of the epididymis?

A

Absorptive function also involved in digesting residual bodies lost from sperm in maturation.

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12
Q

What control is the muscle in the epididymis under?

A

Head and body - rhythmic contraction. Tail - autonomic control.

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13
Q

What is the function of epithelia in the epididymis?

A

Secretory function, produce proteins that contribute to sperm maturation.

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14
Q

What is the function of the vas/ductus deferens?

A

Transport male germ cells from epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.

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15
Q

What forms the ejaculatory duct?

A

Union of duct of seminal vesicle and terminal part of the vas deferens.

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16
Q

What are the three layers of structure of the vas deferens?

A

Luminal surface lined by epithelium.
This sits on a lamina propria of loose connective tissue.
Externally there is a thick muscular coat of three separate layers of smooth muscle.

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17
Q

What are the three layers of smooth muscle in the vas deferens?

A

Inner and outer longitudinal layer and middle circular layer.

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18
Q

What is the purpose of the smooth muscle in the vas deferens?

A

Contract powerfully in ejaculation.

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19
Q

What is the epithelium of the vas deferens?

A

Pseudostratified columnar with a few stereocilia.

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20
Q

Why is the mucosal layer of the vas deferens folded?

A

Due to the tone of the circular layer.

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21
Q

What happens to sperm after vasectomy in the epithalia of the vas deferens and epididymis?

A

They are phagocytosed.

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22
Q

What do the seminal vesicles develop as?

A

Outgrwoths of the ductus deferens.

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23
Q

What is the basic structure of seminal vesicle?

A

Coiled tubulosaccular glands.

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24
Q

Describe the mucosa of the seminal vesicle?

A

Highly folded with epithelium sitting on a lamina propria.

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25
Q

Where is the muscular coat of the seminal vesicles?

A

Surrounding each glandular element.

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26
Q

How is the muscular coat of the seminal vesicles activated?

A

In ejaculation by the SANS.

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27
Q

What is the epithelium of the seminal vesicles?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with basal cells.

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28
Q

What is the function of the seminal vesicles epithelium?

A

Secretions rich in fructose, contain proteins and prostaglandin.

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29
Q

Where is the prostate?

A

Surrounding the urethra at the base of the bladder.

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30
Q

What does the prostate consist of?

A

Tubuloalveolar glands arranged in three groups around the urethra.

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31
Q

What are the three groups of tubuloalveolar glands of the prostate?

A

Mucosal, submucosal, and main glands.

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32
Q

What is the prostate surrounded by and what stems from that?

A

Fibromuscular capsule from which septae divides the gland into lobules.

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33
Q

What do the secretory elements of the prostate sit in?

A

Fibromuscular connective tissue stroma.

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34
Q

What do the glands of the phosphate secrete?

A

Acid phosphatase and prostate specific antigen.

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35
Q

What is the epithelium of the phosphate?

A

Heterogenous - cuboidal, columnar, pseduostratified, simple squamous.

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36
Q

What are prostatic concretions?

A

In glandular elements, lamellated bodies containing proteins, nucleic acids, cholesterol, and calcium phosphate.

37
Q

How does benign prostatic hyperplasia and cancer differ in the site they affect?

A

BPH affects mucosal and submucosal glands, cancerous change in main glands.

38
Q

What are the presenting symptoms of a patient with prostatic enlargement?

A

Difficulty starting urination, weakened flow of urine, straining to pass urine, frequency, need to urinate in the night, urge incontinency, unable to empty bladder fully, haematuria.

39
Q

What is the relevance of BPH affecting mucosal and submucosal glands and cancerous changes affecting main glands of the prostate?

A

Main glands are further from urethra so enlarge more to cause urinary symptoms so picked up later.

40
Q

How can the prostate be examined?

A

DRE (digital rectal examination).

41
Q

How can prostatic be screened for?

A

Blood test for PSA (prostate specific antigen).

42
Q

Where are the ovaries?

A

Paired organs lying on lateral walls of pelvic cavity.

43
Q

What is the covering of ovaries?

A

Squamous epithelium ‘germinative epithelium’. Actually a layer of peritoneum.

44
Q

What are the two parts of the ovary?

A

Outer cortex and inner medulla.

45
Q

What does the medulla of the ovary contain?

A

Nerves, blood vessels, connective tissue, and stromal cells.

46
Q

What does the cortex of the mature ovary contain?

A

Germ cells in various stages of development.

47
Q

What do primordial follicles consist of?

A

Oocyte surrounded by single layer of squamous follicular or granulosa cells.

48
Q

What causes maturation of primordial follicles?

A

Production of FSH at puberty.

49
Q

What happens in the developmental stage - unilaminar primary follicle?

A

Surrounding granulosa cells become cuboidal and each oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal cells.

50
Q

How is a multilaminar primary follicle formed?

A

Granulosa cells divide and become stratified.

51
Q

Where does the zona pellucida form?

A

Between the oocyte and granulosa cells.

52
Q

What does the outer margin of the devleoping follicle differentiate into?

A

Ovarium stromal cells -> theca folliculi.

53
Q

How do secondary follicles form?

A

Fluid filled spaces appear between granulosa cells.

54
Q

What does the theca folliculi differentiate into and secrete in secondary follicles?

A

Into theca interna -> secretes oestrogen and theca externa formed of vascular connective tissue.

55
Q

Why are granulosa cells pushed towards the periphery of developing follicles?

A

Fluid filled spaces increase in size.

56
Q

How is a single antrum formed in follicles?

A

Coalescence of spaces between granulosa cells -> follicle with a number of fluid filled spaces that join together.

57
Q

What is the oocyte surrounded by at ternary follicle stage?

A

Few layers of granulosa cells - corona radiata.

58
Q

What happens to the oocyte as the antrum enlarges?

A

It is pushed to one side of the follicle and sits on a peg of granulosa cells - cumulus oophorus.

59
Q

When is a Graffian follicle produced?

A

When there is a single large fluid filled antrum.

60
Q

What happens just before ovulation?

A

The cumulus oophorus breaks down and oocyte and surrounding corona radiate float free in follicular fluid.

61
Q

What happens to the tissue surrounding the mature follicle at ovulation?

A

It thins and becomes ischaemia.

62
Q

How does the corpus luteum form?

A

Develops from granulosa and theca interna cells of rupture follicle, controlled by LH surge.

63
Q

How are granulosa cells affected after the corpus luteum has been made?

A

Transformed into granulosa lutein cells by LH -> secretes progesterone.

64
Q

How are the theca interna cells affected after the corpus luteum forms?

A

They become theca lutein cells -> secretes oestrogen.

65
Q

How are granulosa lutein cells view with high power microscopy?

A

Large cells, apparently vacuolated, pale staining periphery.

66
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum with no fertilisation after 2 weeks?

A

It degenerates, becomes fibrosed and hyalinised into a white connective tissue - corpus albicans, eventually contracts and resorbed.

67
Q

What happens to the erythrocytes of the corpus luteum in regression?

A

Removed by macrophages. Forms corpus nigricans.

68
Q

What are the three parts of the Fallopian tubes?

A

Infundibulum - bell shaped portion to which the fimbria are attached.
Ampulla - wide segment in which fertilisation normally occurs.
Intramural part - within uterine wall.

69
Q

What are the layers of the Fallopian tube walls?

A

Inner mucosa (epithelium and underlying lamina propria), muscular layer, outermost serosal covering.

70
Q

What is the epithelium of the Fallopian tubes?

A

Columnar. Some are ciliated, some are non-ciliated (peg cells).

71
Q

How does the structure of the Fallopian tube wall differ along its course?

A

Ampulla - muscle coat consists of two layers.

Isthmus - muscle layer is thicker with three layers.

72
Q

How does the mucosal layer of the Fallopian tube differ along its length?

A

Ampulla - ciliated cell predominate.

Relative number of peg cells increase as tube approaches uterus.

73
Q

What are the two layers of the uterus?

A

Innermost endometrium and outer, thicker myometrium.

74
Q

What is the structure of the endometrium of the uterus?

A

Simple columnar epithelium resting on lamina propria which contains glands and connective or stromal elements.

75
Q

What is the structure of the myometrium of the uterus?

A

Four layers of smooth muscle.

76
Q

What is the blood supply to the uterus?

A

Paired uterine arteries, branches off arcuate arteries in myometrium.

77
Q

What are the sets of branches the arcuate arteries give rise to?

A

Straight arteries (ramify in stratum basalis) and coiled arteries (supply stratum functionalis).

78
Q

What are the stratum layers of the endometrium?

A

Stratum functionalis - outer compact and depper spongy.

Stratum basalis.

79
Q

What are the three stages of uterine endometrium in uterine cycle?

A

Proliferative phase - under control of oestrogen.
Secretory phase - under control of progesterone.
Menstrual phase - sudden drop in progesterone.

80
Q

What happens to the stratum functionalis and basalis in proliferative phase?

A

Functionalis regenerates from cells lining glands in basalis (intact during menstruation). Increased length of endometrial glands - straight, unbranched, tubular glands. Spaces between endometrial glands are packed with stromal cells.

81
Q

What happens to the stratum functionalis and basalis in secretory phase?

A

Increased progesterone -> further development of endometrium, glands grow more than surrounding lamina propria => become coiled - saw tooth appearance. Changes in stroma - oedematous and develops into decidual cells.

82
Q

What happens to the stratum fucntionalis and basalis in menstrual pahse?

A

Progesterone declines and endometrium breaks down and is shed. Spasm of spiral arteries so functionalis is deprived of nutrients and dies. Basalis remains in tact to form functionalis in next cycle.

83
Q

Where does the cervix run from and to?

A

Internal Os and external Os.

84
Q

What is the epithelium of the cervix?

A

Simple columnar then abruptly changes to stratified squamous non-keratinised.

85
Q

How does the junction between simple columnar and stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium of the cervix change throughout reproductive life?

A

Puberty - at external Os.

Moves gradually into cervical canal throughout reproductive life.

86
Q

What is the vagina?

A

The fibromuscular tube connective the cervix to the outside world.

87
Q

What are the layers of the vagina?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, and muscular layer (smooth and skeletal muscle).

88
Q

What is the epithelium of the vagina?

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinised.

89
Q

How is the vagina lubricated?

A

Mucous produced by cervical glands and vestibular gland.

15. Reproductive (12 decks)

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