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BVM1 - Neurology and special senses > 1.2 Functional anatomy > Flashcards

1.2 Functional anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What can the nervous system be split up into?

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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2
Q

What is the CNS made up of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

- two components are seamlessly interconnected and comprise a functional unit

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3
Q

What is the PNS comprised of?

A

Cranial nerves - connecting to the brain

Spinal nerves - connecting to the spinal cord

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4
Q

What is the afferent system?

A

Sensory

- nerves that transmit impulses towards the brain and SC

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5
Q

What is the efferent system?

A

Motor

- nerves that transmit impulses away from the brain and SC

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6
Q

Describe the flow of information through the CNS

A

Afferent → CNS →Efferent

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7
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

Somatic (voluntary)

- coordinated voluntary activities such as movement

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8
Q

What is the visceral nervous system?

A

Visceral (vegetative)

- responsible for involuntary activity such as modulation of cardiac function and digestion

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9
Q

What are the three components of a neuron?

A
  1. Cell body (soma): from which fundamentally two different processes arise
  2. Dendrites: also called receptor segment-conduct impulses to the cell body
  3. Axon or neuron fibre: also called the projecting segment: relays impulses to other neurons. Each neuron has only one axon.
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10
Q

What is the dorsal root ganglia?

A

Made up of aggregations, of the soma, of the afferent or sensory neurons

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11
Q

What are pseudounipolar neurones?

A

Dendrites and axon not separated by cell body

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12
Q

What are bipolar neurones?

A

Dendrites arborizes in the periphery

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13
Q

What are multipolar neurons?

A

Multiple dendrites with long axon

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14
Q

What are neuroglia?

A

Cells that surround the neurons providing them with structural and functional support and absorb excess neurotransmitter

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15
Q

What are neuroglia involved in?

A
  • Absorbing excess neurotransmitter
  • Maintaining the structure of the organ
  • provide a means through which nourishment of the brain/nervous system is achieved
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16
Q

Why are neuroglia associated with brain tumours?

A

Capable of mitotic activity

- do not conduct signals

17
Q

What is the role of astrocytes?

A

Support + nutrition + structure

18
Q

What are the functions of oligodendrocytes?

A

Equivalent of Schwann cells in the peripheral NS = insulate axons in the brain and prevent leakage of ions

19
Q

What is the function of microglia cells?

A

Important in the removal of necrotic material

20
Q

What cells myelinate axons in the PNS and CNS

A 
PNS = Schwann cells 
CNS = oligodendrocytes
21
Q

What effect does myelination have on nerve conduction velocity?

A

Increases due to saltatory effect

22
Q

What is the significance of myelination in Multiple Sclerosis?

A

Oligodendrocytes are destroyed whilst Schwann cells are not

23
Q

What is grey matter?

A

Nerve cell bodies - appear grey due to the presence of nuclei

24
Q

What is white matter?

A

Nerve cell processes and their insulating myelin sheath

25
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Functional connections between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector organ

26
Q

How is the brain supplied with blood?

A

Carotid arteries - internal supply blood to brain

- also included are the vertebral artery and Basilar artery

27
Q

Where does blood pool in all species?

A

Cerebral arterial circle (Circle of Willis) before distribution to the brain

28
Q

What is the ventricular system?

A

System of cavities (ventricles) with the CNS

- has ependymal (epithelial cells) that secrete cerebrospinal fluid from choroid plexus

29
Q

What is an abnormal accumulation of CSF?

A

Hydrocephalus

30
Q

How is the CNS protected from injury?

A

Cranium - lined by the Dura Mater
Vertebrae (spinal cord)
Between bony casing and the CNS are meninges (membranes) which provide further protection

BVM1 - Neurology and special senses (6 decks)

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