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Yr 2 Sem 1 GI > 1.2 Endoscopic Anatomy > Flashcards

1.2 Endoscopic Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What can you visualise with aaa nasendoscopy?

A

Nose, mouth, pharynx

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2
Q

At which spinal level may you see indentation of the left main bronchus during an OGD?

A

T5

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3
Q

What does the oesophagogastric mucosal junction look like?

A

Pale pink squamous oesophageal mucosa abuts dark red gastric mucosa

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4
Q

What is the blood supply of the upper 2/3 of the oesophagus?

A

Inferior thyroid artery and the aortic branches

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5
Q

What is the blood supply of the lower 1/3 of the oesophagus?

A

Left gastric branch of coeliac trunk and left inferior phrenic artery

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6
Q

What does the oesophagus have mixed venous drainage into?

A

The portal system via the left gastric vein and into the systemic circulation via the azygous begin

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7
Q

What condition predisposes you to oesophageal varicose?

A

Portal hypertension

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8
Q

Which mechanisms reduce reflux?

A

LOS
Acute angle of entry of oesophagus into stomach = valve like effect
Mucosal folds at oesophagogastric junction act as a valve
Right crus of diaphragm pinches
Positive intra-abdominal pressure compresses the walls of the intra abdominal oesophagus

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9
Q

What is the stomach divided into?

A

Cardia
Fund us
Body
Pyloric antrum

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10
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

Muscular thickening of the distal pylorus

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11
Q

What does the pyloric sphincter do?

A

Controls passage of stomach contents into the duodenum

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12
Q

What are the folds of the stomach called?

A

Rugae

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13
Q

Which artery may be damaged by a posterior duodenual ulcer?

A

Gastroduodenal artery

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14
Q

Where does the transition from embryonic foregut to midgut occur in the GI tract?

A

At the duodenal papilla

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15
Q

What is the blood supply to the duodenum?

A

Coeliac trunk

Superior mesenteric artery

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16
Q

What does ulceration in second part of duodenum suggest?

A

Pancreatic disease

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

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17
Q

Where does the biliary tree start?

A

In the liver from the intra-hepatic ducts which form the left and right hepatic ducts

18
Q

At what point do the left and right hepatic ducts merge and what do they become?

A

At the porta hepatis

To become the common hepatic duct

19
Q

Where does the cystic duct come from?

A

The gall bladder

20
Q

What arises once the cystic duct joins the common hepatic duct?

A

Common bile duct

21
Q

Why does a carcinoma at the head of the pancreas cause obstructive jaundice?

A

Obstructs the common bile duct

22
Q

What does PAINFUL obstructive jaundice suggest?

A

Gallstone

23
Q

Why does the jejunum have a thicker wall than the ileum?

A

Increased number, larger and taller plicae circulares

24
Q

Why is the jejunum a deeper red than the ileum?

A

Greater blood supple

25
Q

What happens the the jejunal wall in coeliac disease?

A

Villi and crypts atrophy

26
Q

Where may a Meckels diverticulum be found?

A

Distal ileum

27
Q

What is a meckels diverticulum a remnant of?

A

The embryonic vitellointestinal duct

28
Q

Where can the largest number of peyers patches be found?

A

Ileum

29
Q

Describe the muscle layers in the colon?

A

3 longitudinal bands of muscle along its length which form taenia coli

30
Q

What does the iliocaecal valve do?

A

Prevents backflow of colonic contents during peristalsis

31
Q

Where does the caecum lie?

A

Right iliac fossa

32
Q

What are appendices epiplociae?

A

Fat filled peritoneal tags on outer surface

33
Q

Why are sigmoid volvulous fairly common?

A

Sigmoid colon is long

Has a loose mesenteric attachment

34
Q

What is the upper part of the anal canal derived from?

A

Hindgut

35
Q

What epithelium can be found in the upper anal canal?

A

Columnar epithelium (mucosa)

36
Q

What epithelium can be found in the lower anal canal?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

37
Q

Which artery supplies the upper rectum?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

38
Q

What artery supplies the lower rectum?

A

Inferior rectal artery

39
Q

Why is upper rectal pain dull and poorly located?

A

Nerve supply is from the visceral pelvic splanchnic nerves

40
Q

Why is pain in the lower rectum sharp?

A

Supplies by the inferior rectal nerve which is a somatic nerve from the pudenal nerve

41
Q

What are haemorrhoids?

A

Dilatations of the superior rectal veins

Yr 2 Sem 1 GI (2 decks)

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