Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology (Semester 6) > 1.2 Drug Interaction and Toxicology > Flashcards

1.2 Drug Interaction and Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

Give the 4 general ways in which drugs may work

A
  • Inhibition
  • Activation
  • Destruction
  • Replacement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Most drugs interact with what?

A

endogenous proteins

(a few have unconventional mechanisms of action)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Compare an agonist with an antagonist

A

Agonists: activate endogenous proteins

Antagonists: block or inhibit endogenous proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Give the 6 main sites where drugs work

A
  1. Cell Surface Receptors
  2. Nuclear Receptors
  3. Enzyme Inhibitors
  4. Ion Channel Blockers
  5. Transport Inhibitors
  6. Inhibitors of Signal Transduction Proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Not all agonists elicit maximal responses in the same assay, what are the 2 types of agonist we can have?

Label each on the image below

A

Full and partial agonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Full agonist

EC50 ___ Kd

+/- _________

A

Full agonist EC50 < Kd

+/- spare receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Is competitive antagonism surmountable or non-surmoutable and why?

A

Competes with agonist at receptor site thus Inhibition is SURMOUNTABLE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What would be seen on an agonist concentration-response curve for a reversible competitive antagonist

A

a parallel shift to the right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When does Non-Competitive antagonism occur?

Is it surmountable or non-surmountable and why?

A

Occurs when the antagonist dissociates slowly or not at all

NON-SURMOUNTABLE ➞ With increased [antagonist] or increased time more receptors are blocked by antagonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Compare an ‘ideal drug’ vs a ‘real drug’

A

An ideal drug interacts at one site but not other sites preventing unwanted effects

A real drug acts at more than one binding site, may result in collateral effects ➞ adverse drug reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the advantage if a drug displays Selectivity?

A

The more selective a drug for its target, the less chance it will interact with different targets. Therefore it will have less undesirable side effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the benefit of penicillan?

A

SELECTIVITY

The enzyme is involved in bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. As mammalian cells do not have a cell wall, penicillin has few side effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the advantage of drug specificity?

The more specific a drug acts ___________

A

Targeting drugs against specific receptor subtypes often allows drugs to be targeted against specific organ.

The more specific a drug acts, the less action ther is on other organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Give an example of drug targets for specific organs?

A

Adrenergic receptors:

  • heart β1 receptors
  • lungs β2 receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define Therapeutic Window

A

The range of dosages that effectively treat a condition safely

Between the lowest dose that has a +ve effect, and the highest dose before the -ve effects outweigh the +ve effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Label the Image

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do you calculate the Theraputic index?

A

Therapeutic index = Toxic Dose (TD50) / Effective dose (ED50)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define Therapeutic index

A

Relationship between concentrations causing adverse effects and concentrations causing desirable effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Compare drug version I and drug version II

**********

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define Affinity

A

The tendency of a drug to bind to a specific receptor type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The equilibrium dissociation constant is represented by _____, which is a measure of _____.

What is the relationship between the 2 blanks above?

A

Kd, affinity

Kd↓ then affinity↑

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define Efficacy and state what this tells us

A

Efficacy is the ability of a drug to produce a response as a result of the receptor or receptors being occupied

It describes the maximum effect of a drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define Potency and state what we are comparing

A

Potency is the dose required to produce the desired biologic response.

Potency compares doses of two drugs required to exact the same effect

25
Q
A
26
Q

What may increase the probability of drug interaction

A

Probability of drug interaction rises with the number of drugs patient uses

27
Q

What occurs in each phase of hepatic metabolism of a drug and why?

A

Phase 1

  • chemical changes
  • CYP 450 family
  • low substrate specificity

Phase 2

  • conjugation
  • ↑ solubility
  • allows elimination
28
Q

What is meant by low substrate specificity?

A

Can metabolise a range of substrates

29
Q

Inhibition of CYP 450 is related to what 2 factors?

Is it a fast or slow process?

A

Related to:

  1. Half life and clearance of affected drug
  2. Plasma concentration at time of interaction

Relatively quick onset (several hours to days)

30
Q

How can we induce enzymes?

Is this phase I or II and is it fast or slow?

A

By increasing the amount of enzyme present for a specific action

Normally a phase I processes and usually takes days to weeks to happen

31
Q

Rate of enzyme Induction depends on what?

A

Drug and enzyme

32
Q

Give 2 examples of enzyme induction and state how these function

Are these fast or slow onset and what is the implication of this?

A

Carbamazepine and warfarin (CYP 3A4)

  • CBZ induces CYP3A4
  • CYP 3A4 metabolises warfarin

So CBZ ⬆ metabolism of warfarin which ⬇ its effect.

Patient on both drugs will most likley be taking higher doses of Warfarin. However, as this process is slow onset (days-weeks), care must be taken when one drug is stopped to prevent over thinning of blood and risk of hemorrage

33
Q

Give 2 examples of drugs that may show drug-food interactions with grapefruit juice

Explain why and a possible danger of this

A

Simvastatin and Amiodarone (long QT)

Grapefruit Juice Inhibits several CYP450 isoenzymes which ↓ the clearance of many drugs. This may lead to ↑ exposures to drug of up to 16 fold!

34
Q

What is Cranberry Juice commonly use to treat and why?

A

Used therapeutically in UTI treatment by Inhibiting bacterial adherence to urothelium

35
Q

What is the drug-food relation between cranberry juice and Warfarin?

What MUST we advise patients?

A
  1. ↓ Clearance of warfarin
  2. Enhanced anticoagulant effect
  3. ↑ Risk of haemorrhage

because It inhibits CYP2C9 isoform

Advise patients not to drink cranberry juice if on warfarin

36
Q

Drug-Drug interactions either _____ or _____ therapeutic outcome through actions on the receptors

Drug interactions can occur via different _____ or different _____

A

enhance, reduce, receptors, tissues

37
Q

Give 2 examples of agonism/antagonism acting at same receptor

A

1) Opiate analgesics and Naloxone
2) Beta blockers and Beta2 agonists

38
Q

Give 2 examples of agonism/antagonism acting at different receptors

A

1) Amlodipine and Bendroflumethiazide
2) Warfarin and Aspirin

39
Q

What is the risk of amlodipine and bendroflumethiazide being used togther?

A

amlodipine = calcium channel blocker

bendroflumethiazide = thiazide diuretic

Both act to decrease BP which can result in hypotension

40
Q

What is a non-selective drug and give an example

A

They act on one or more receptors

Eg. Antidepressants interact with many receptor subtypes:

  • adrenergic, noradrenergic, serotoninergic, cholinergic, Na channels
41
Q

Give an example of how a drug may exhibit an enhanced effect

A

Digoxin toxicity enhanced by hypokalaemia caused by a loop diuretic (e.g. Furosemide)

42
Q

Give 5 drug classes which are likley to cause drug-drug interactions

(Hint: 5A’s)

A
  • Anticonvulsants
  • Antibiotics
  • Anticoagulants
  • Antidepressants/Antipsychotics
  • Antiarrhythmics
43
Q

Drug Disease Interactions are most common in which age groups and why?

A

More common at the extremes of age ➞ Children or Elderly

Due to altered PK profile (renal and hepatic) and/or Co morbidities

44
Q

Are drug disease interactions more common with chronic medical conditions or acute illness

A

Chronic medical conditions

45
Q

Give 4 reasons why Renal Disease affects drug function

Incl drug examples

A

1) A falling GFR (acute or chronic) results in reduced clearance of renally excreted drugs:
2) Disturbances of electrolytes (esp K+) may predispose to toxicity
3) Nephrotoxins will further damage kidney function
4) CKD can affect Vd of drugs

46
Q

Give 3 examples of renally excreted drugs

A

Digoxin, aminoglycoside, antibiotics

47
Q

Give 4 reasons why Hepatic disease affects drug function

A

1) Reduced clearance of hepatic metabolised drugs
2) Reduced CYP 450 Activity
3) Much longer half lives
4) Toxicity

48
Q

What ‘classic’ drug should NOT be given to patients with liver cirrhosis and why?

A

Opiates

Even small doses will accumulate which can lead to an coma. This is because metabolism of opiods in liver is not occuring normally.

49
Q

Give 3 ways in which cardiac disease can affect drug function?

A

Falling cardiac output will lead to:

1) Excessive response to hypotensive agents
2) Reduced organ perfusion leading to reduced hepatic blood flow and clearance
3) Reduced organ perfusion leading to reduced renal blood flow and clearance

50
Q

What is an adverse drug reaction? (ADR)

A

A noxious and unintended response to a medicine that occurs at normal therapeutic doses used in humans for prophylaxis, diagnosis, or therapy of disease, or for the modification of physiologic function.

51
Q

How do we classify ADR’s?

Explain each + example

A

A-F

52
Q

Give 3 reasons why ADRs are a serious problem

A

1) They increase morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs world wide.
2) They account for around 6-7% of admissions per year here in the UK
3) They cost the NHS £466,000,000

** ADRs are thought to occur in 10–20% of hospital in-patients AND they are avoidable!

53
Q

Give 4 factors that cause high risk for ADRs

A

1) Ignorant, inappropriate or reckless prescribing
2) Polypharmacy
3) Patients at the extremes of age
4) Multiple medical problems
5) Use of drugs with narrow therapeutic indexes (↑risk of toxicity)

54
Q

Why can use of drugs near their minimum effective concentration lead to ADRs

A

Increased risk of treatment failure if metabolism increased

55
Q

How is severity of ADR’s classified?

A

Major (permanent / life threatening)

Moderate (requiring additional treatment)

Mild (trivial or unnoticeable)

56
Q

Define Pharmacovigilance

A

The science and activities relating to the detection, evaluation, understanding and prevention of ADRs or any other drug related problem

57
Q

Give 4 ways in which we can improve pharmacovigilance

A

1) Early detection of unknown safety problems
2) Detection of increases in frequency
3) Identification of risk factors
4) Preventing patients from being affected unnecesarily

58
Q

What is the Yellow Card Scheme?

A

How adverse events regarding drugs or medical devices can be reported

59
Q

How can we prevent ADR’s?

A

1) Careful patient history
2) Avoiding treatments in cohorts who are at increased risk
3) Report ADR’s using the Yellow Card scheme

Pharmacology (Semester 6) (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions