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Biology U1 > 1.2 Cell Structure & Organisation > Flashcards

1.2 Cell Structure & Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

Animal Cells Contain

A

• vesicles
• Golgi body
• mitochondria
• lysosome
• Rough ER
• plasma membrane
• ribosomes
• centriole
• nuclear envelope
• chromatin
• nucleolus
• nuclear pore
• between 10-30 micrometers

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2
Q

Plant Cell Contains

A

• Rough ER
• Smooth ER
• chloroplasts
• nucleolus
• nucleus
• nuclear pore
• ribosomes
• plasmodesma
• cytoplasm
• Golgi body
• mitochondria
• tonoplast
• vacuole
• vesicle
• cell membrane
• cell wall
• between 10-100 micrometers

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3
Q

Units

A

SI = systeme internationale a system that defines which units are used for scientific communication
KM is for ecosystems
MM is for tissue
UM is for cells/organelles
NM is for molecules

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4
Q

Conversions

A

1000 NM = 1 UM
1000 UM = 1MM
1000 MM = 1 M
1000 M = 1 KM

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5
Q

Nucleus Structure

A

• spherical and between 10-20 UM
• contains DNA, were protein can comprise chromosomes
• chromosomes direct protein synthesis because they are the site of transcription
• provides a template for DNA replication

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6
Q

Nucleus Function

A

• the nucleus is bounded by two membranes called nuclear envelope allowing large molecules (mRNA/ribosomes) through
• outer membrane has ER
• granular material in the nucleus is nucleoplasm, contains chromatin (made of coils of DNA bound to protein) during cell decision, chromatin condenses into chromosomes
• within the nucleus are one or more small spherical bodies sites from rRNA/ribosomes

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7
Q

Mitochondria Structure

A

• cylindrical and 1-10 NM
• two membranes, separated by a narrow, fluid filled inter-membrane space (inner membrane makes cristae)
• organic matrix, which is a solution containing many compounds including lipids and proteins
• has a small circle of DNA, mitochondria can replicate and code for some of its protein and RNA

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8
Q

Mitochondria Function

A

• small (70S) ribosomes, allowing protein synthesis
• produce ATP in aerobic respiration
• reactions occur in matrix and others on the inner membrane
• cistae provides a large surface area for the attachments of enzymes involved in respiration
• surface area to volume ratio is bigger as being a cylinder reduces diffusion distance between edge and centre (aerobic respiration efficient)

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9
Q

Chloroplast Structure

A

• occur in the cell of photosynthesising tissue in many plants the highest concentration is in the palisade mesophyll cells
• each chloroplast is surrounded by two membranes
• stroma is fluid filled and contains some of the products of photosynthesis, including lipid droplets and starch grains
• contain 70S ribosomes and circular DNA which enable them to make some of their own protein and self replicate

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10
Q

Chloroplast Function

A

Within the stroma are closed flattend sacs called thylakoids a sack of these is called a granum each comprise between 2 and a hundred parallel sacs
• photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll are found in thylakoids
• producing a large surface area efficient for trapping light energy

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11
Q

The Endosymbotic Theory

A

•The theory that describes the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria
• they both have 70S ribosomes and circular DNA
• ancient bacteria with very fluid membranes engulfed others/maintained a symbiotic relationship
• some were good at turning glucose and oxygen into ATP, evolving into mitochondria
• some could turn CO2 and H2O into glucose evolving into chloroplasts
• Lynn Margulis published “On the origin of mitosing cells” 1967
• both have origins in free living prokaryotes

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12
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

An elaborate system of parallel double membranes forming flattened sacs with interconnected, fluid filled spaces between them called cisternae
ER is connected to the nuclear envelope, allowing transport of materials through cells

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13
Q

Rough ER

A

Has ribosomes on the outer surface and transport the protein that’s made
It presents in large amounts in cells that make a lot of protein such as amylase

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14
Q

Smooth ER

A

Comprises membranes that lack ribosomes, associated with the synthesis and transport lipids (cells storing large quantities of carbohydrates, protein and fats, including liver and secretory cells)

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15
Q

Ribosome Structure

A

• smaller in prokaryotic cells than eukaryotic cell
• they are 70S in size, whereas those in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells are 80S where they occur singly or attacked to membranes on RER

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16
Q

Ribosome Function

A

• have one large and one small submit, they are assembled in the nucleus from ribosomes RNA and protein
• important in protein synthesis (site of translation) where mRNA and tRNA are used to assemble polypeptide chains
• much smaller than the nucleus of mitochondria

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17
Q

Golgi Body Structure

A

• resembles ER
• vesicle containing polypeptides pinch off from the RER and fuse with a stack of membranes
• proteins are modified and packaged in the Golgi body and near the end the vesicle containing modified proteins are pinched off
• these may carry proteins elsewhere in the cells or move and fuse to the cell membrane, secreting modified proteins by exocytosis

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18
Q

Golgi Body Function

A

• producing secretory enzymes, packaged into secretory vesides
• secreting carbohydrates like in the formation of plant cell wall
• producing glycoprotein
• transporting and storing lipids
• forming lysosomes, containing digestive enzymes

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19
Q

Lysosome Structure

A

small temporary vacuoles surrounded by a single membrane formed off the Golgi body

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20
Q

Lysosome Function

A

• contain and isolate potentially harmful digestive enzymes
• releasing these enzymes when the cell needs to recycle out old organelles
• can also digest material that has been taken out the cell - bacteria
• often shown as round and morning towards the Golgi body

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21
Q

Centrioles Structure

A

• occur in animal cells and most protocistans but not in cells of higher plants
• located outside the nucleus
• two rings of microtubles, making hallow cylinders (positioned at right angles) called centrosome

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22
Q

Centrioles Function

A

• during cell division, centrioles organise the microtubules that make the spingle

23
Q

Vacuole Structure

A

In most plants, which consists of a fluid filled sac bounded by a single membrane, tonoplast

24
Q

Vacuole Function

A

• contains cell sap, a solution that stores chemicals such as glucose, amino acids and minerals
• many store vitamins and pigments
• support soft plant tissue

25
Q

Cell Wall Structure

A

• consists largely of cellulose, these molecules are held together in microfibrils (aggregated into fibres)
• embedded in polysaccharides matrix called pectin

26
Q

Cell Wall Function

A

• transport, the gaps in the cellulose fibres make the cell wall fully permeable to water and dissolved in molecules and ions (apoplast pathway main reason water crosses path)
• mechanical strength, structure of cellulose microfibrils and their laminated arrangements make the wall very strong
• when full of solutions, the content pushes against the wall, resisting expansion making the cell become turgid, supporting the plant

27
Q

Communications Between Cells

A

• cell walls have pores called pits, where strands of cytoplasm called plasmodesmata (fire strands of cytoplasm that extend through pores, connecting cytoplasm)
• occurred when there is no cellulose thinking between two cells - cytoplasm runs from one to the next - a network of cytoplasm in connecting cells = symplast (water transport)

28
Q

Organelles Interrelated Process

A

1) Chromosomes have DNA that’s codes protein
2) nuclear pores allow mRNA to leave nucleus and attach to ribosomes in cytoplasm or Rough ER
3) Ribosomes contain rRNA and protein synthesis occurs
4) the product Polypeptides are moved through Rough ER and packed into vesicles
5) vesicles go to the Golgi body to get chemically modified
6) secretory vesicle comes out containing synthesised protein
7) secretory vesicles carry to the cell membrane (exocytosis)

29
Q

Sulphur

A

Secretes some amino acids

30
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Single celled organisms lacking membrane bound organelles (nucleus) - bacteria

31
Q

Eukaryotic

A

An organism containing cells that have membrane bound organelles with DNA in chromosomes within nucleus - plants + animals

32
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

• distinguished by having no nucleus or internal membranes
• some infolding cell membrane in a mesosome or photosynthetic llamelle increases the membranes surface area
• rarely from multicellular structures, often described as unicellular
• cells not subdivided are acellular

33
Q

All Prokaryotes Have

A

• DNA molecules loses in cytoplasm
• peptidoglycan cell wall
• 70S Ribosomes
• cytoplasm
• cell membrane
• no organelles
• no nuclear envelope
• plasmids
• no chloroplasts
• no mitochondria

34
Q

Some Prokaryotes Have

A

• slime coat
• Flagella
• photosynthetic (amellae holding photo pigments)
• mesosomes
• plasmids

35
Q

All Eukaryotes Have

A

• length of 10-100 micrometers
• membrane organelles
• DNA combined with protein
• double membrane
• plasmids absent
• cell wall (cellulose or chitin)
• chloroplasts
• mitochondria
• absent mesosome
• Ribosomes 80S

36
Q

Viruses

A

• very small can’t be seen with lights that microscope, pass through filters
• not made of cells - acellular
• no organelles, chloroplasts or cytoplasm
• outside a living cell they are virion but when they invade a cell, they take over metabolism and multiply
• each virus particle is made up of a core of nucleic acid, DNA OR RNA surrounded by protein coat, capsid
• viruses attack all groups T2 attacks E.Coil
• viruses can be crystallised not like living organisms they can only reproduce

37
Q

Viruses Cause

A

• flu, chicken pox, HIV, mumps in Humans
• tobacco mosaic virus, cauliflower mosaic virus in plant
• avian flu in Birds
• swine flu, cow pox in animals

38
Q

Differentiation

A

Development of a cell into a specific type (stem cells) becoming specialised

39
Q

Multicellular Organisms

A

have specialised cells, forming tissues and organ

40
Q

Single - celled Organisms

A

Carry out functions in single cells

41
Q

Tissues

A

Group of cells working together with a common function, structure and origin in the embryo
Cells near each other in the embryo often differentiate in the same way and group as tissues

42
Q

Mammalian Tissues

A

Mammals have several tissue types
Epithelial, Muscular and Connective

43
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

• tissues forms a continuous layer, covering or lining the internal/external surface of the body
• have no blood vessels, may have nerve endings
• cells sit on a basement membrane, made of collagen + protein

44
Q

Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Cube shape, tissues is one cell thick, occurs in proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney nephron and ducts of salivary glands

45
Q

Columnar Epithelium

A

Elongated cells, lining tubes that substances move through, such as oviduct (fallopian tube) and trachea have cilia

46
Q

Squamous Epithelium

A

Consists of flattened cells in a basement membrane, form walls of alveoli and line the renal (Bowmans) capsule of nephron

47
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Attached to bones and generates locomotion in mammals, has a band of long cells or fibres
• powerful contractions
• voluntary muscle
• striped or striated muscle

48
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Individual spindle - shaped cells that can contract rhythmically, occur in the skin, in walls of blood vessels and digestive and respiratory
• contraction weaker
• cannot control - involuntary muscles
• unstriped or unsaturated muscle

49
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Only found in the heart, structure and properties are between skeletal and smooth, cells have stripes, lack of long fibres
• does not tire
• contract rhythmically

50
Q

Connective Tissues

A

• Connects, supports and separates tissues + organs
• contains elastic + collagen fibres in extra cellular fluid or matrix
• between fibres are fat-storing cells and immune system

51
Q

Organs

A

A group of tissues in a structural unit, working together and performing a specific function
They comprise of several tissues working together, performing a specific function
For example: eye contains nervous, connective, muscle and epithelial

52
Q

Organ System

A

Group of organs working together with a particular role
For example: human organ systems

53
Q

Organisms

A

All systems of bodily work together, making organism, which is a discrete individual

Biology U1 (7 decks)

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