1.2 cell structure and organisation Flashcards
are ribosomes smaller in eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
prokaryotes as less complex
(eu = combination of countries, so plant and animal)
define a prokaryotes cell wall? what’s different to a eukaryotes?
made of peptidoglycan
made of cellulose
define a prokaryotes flagellum?
tail-like structure to move the cell
define a prokaryotes mesosome? what do eukaryotes use instead?
infolds of membrane which contains enzymes for respiration
mitochondria
define a prokaryotes pili?
hair-like structure to attach to other structures
define cardiac muscles attributes: appearance, nucleus, cell shape, voluntarily, contraction, stamina, function?
only found in heart
striated,
rhythmic contractions,
involuntary,
do not tire,
mononucleate,
no completely straight,
define ciliated epithelial tissue?
known as (columnar) transports substances like mucus in a sweeping movement (cilia)
define connective areolar tissue? (Lar - larder - ladder)
underneath the skin to connect (ladder) tissues and organs
define connective tissue ADipose tissue? (+)
fatty (+) cells under skin and around organs
define connective tissue collagen? collag EN
forms tENdons connecting muscle to bones
define connective tissue ligaments?
elastic tissue that connects bones
define connective tissue?
connects, supports, separates tissues and organs
elastic and collagen fibres in matrix
define cuboidal epithelial tissue?
square shaped and lines kidney
define epithelial tissue?
continuous layer lining surfaces for structure with no blood vessels
define pseudostratified tissue?
ciliated tissue in the respiratory tract
define skeletal muscles attributes: appearance, nucleus, cell shape, voluntarily, contraction, stamina, function?
attached to the bones
striated appearance,
parallel shape,
contract powerfully,
tire easily,
voluntary,
multinucleate
define smooth muscles attributes: appearance, nucleus, cell shape, voluntarily, contraction, stamina, function?
in the skin and walls of vessels
individually spindle shaped (squiggly),
rhythmic contraction,
involuntary,
non-striated,
mononucleate
define squamous epithelial tissue? (epithelium)
flattened cells on a membrane which secreted lubricting substances and facilitates diffusion
define the function of chloroplasts?
the grana contain photosynthetic pigment for the chlorophyll
the lamellae ensures teat the grana are connected but not too close
define the function of chromatin?
condenses before cell division to form chromosomes
define the function of lysosomes?
contains digestive enzymes and receive substances that need digesting
destroys used/worn out cells
define the function of ribosomes?
protein synthesis where primary structure is formed
define the function of the centriole?
divide during cell division to opposite sides forming the spindle
define the function of the golgi apparatus?
packaging proteins (from the RER) and modification of proteins, for secretions from the cell,
producing lysosomes (digestive enzymes inside)
transport of lipids
define the function of the mitochondria?
ATP synthesis by aerobic respiration (which occurs in the cristae)
define the function of the nuclear pores?
allows for transport of ribosomes and mRNA out of the nucleus
define the function of the nucleus?
nucleus contains DNA which codes for protein synthesis (which occurs in the ribosomes)
define the function of the plasmodesmata?
channels between plant cell walls, which facilitates symplastic transport
define the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
packaging and storing proteins - produces transport vesicles with merge to the golgi
protein synthesis due to the attached ribosomes
(rough cannot produce the proteins as already made)
define the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
produce, package and transports lipids and steroids.
define the function of the vacuole?
water enters the vacuole via osmosis and it expands (pushes cell contents the the cell wall for support)
define the nucleolus function?
produces mRNA and ribosomes
define the structure of a centriole?
formed of a microtubule triplet/spindle forms when it moves to the opposite poles
describe the structure of chloroplasts?
double membrane bound,
thylakoid - the flattened sacs
grana - stacks of thylakoids vertically
lamellae - inner membrane of the chloroplast, thylakoids connect the grana - inter-granal thylakoids.
stroma - fluid filled space which contains starch, DNA, enzymes.
define the structure of lysosomes?
single membrane so the digestive enzymes don’t harm the cell
define the structure of ribosomes?
either located on the endoplasmic reticulum or free in the cell
has 2 parts called subunits - large and small which are both needed for protein synthesis
define the structure of the golgi apparatus?
stack of more compact membrane bound sacs called cisternae which are stacked onto of each other
cis face - receiving side that vesicles enter
trans face - leaving side where vesicles leave
define the structure of the mitochondria?
has a double membrane
cristae - inner membrane folded inwards (maze-like)
matrix - organic fluid in the cristae which has chemicals to create its own protein.
define the structure of the nucleus?
the nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane (nuclear envelope) this contains pores which allows for substances to move in and out.
SEPARATES THE NUCLEUS CONTENTS FROM CYTOPLASM
define the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
located near the nucleus normally, is a series of flattened sacs enclosed by a membrane - has a fluid between the sacs called cisternae
RIBOSOMES ON ITS SURFACE MAKING IT ROUGH
define the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
near the nucleus, a series of flattened sacs enclosed by a membrane called cisternae
NO RIBOSOMES ATTACHED
define the structure of the vacuole?
surrounded by a single celled membrane - tonoplast
contains cell sap
define transitional tissue?
tissue that stretches (e.g. bladder)
describe the journey of a protein? (the interrelation of organelles)
1) ribosomes produced in the nucleolus (pores) and leave to the rough ER
mRNA molecules also leave (pores) and attach to the rough ER
2) the mRNA gets synthesised at the ribosome and turns it into the primary structure (polypeptide) of a protein as that is what it codes for
3) rough ER transports the polypeptide to the golgi
4) the golgi modifies the polypeptide chain into their tertiary structure - enzymes
5) enzymes are packaged into vesicles and transported to cell membrane
6) enzymes are released via exocytosis after merging with the cell membrane
Is a prokaryote cell smaller or bigger than a eukaryote?
SMALLER
what are the 3 muscle tissues?
skeletal
smooth
cardiac
what are the 4 connective tissues?
areolar
adipose
ligaments
collagen
what are the 7 systems?
digestive
excretory
skeletal
circulatory
reproductive
respiratory
nervous
what are the differences between mitochondria and chloroplasts?
mitochondria in palisade and animal
chloroplasts just in palisade
mitochondria has matrix inside
chloroplasts have stroma
chloroplasts have photosynthetic pigments
mitochondria do not
what are the four functions of epithelial tissue?
protection
sensory
movement
secretion
what are the four levels of atoms to systems?
tissues are a group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function
tissues…. organs
organs…. organ systems
what are the similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts?
double membrane,
folded inner membranes
own DNA for self replication
ribsomes
produce ATP
what are the unit conversions?
1000nm = 1um
1000um = 1mm
1000mm = 1m
1000m = 1km
what is a eukaryotic cell?
contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
PLANT OR ANIMAL
what is a prokaryotic cell?
bacteria - no membrane bound organelles and no nucleus, golgi, ER, mitochondria.
what is cell theory?
all organisms are composed of cells - the cell is the basic unit of life
what is the membrane the epithelial tissue sits on?
basement membrane
