1.2 Cell structure and organisation

Question 1

13 of them

What components make up the animal cell?

Answer 1

Nucleus, Nucleolus, Nuclear envelope, Mitochondria, Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Rough endoplasmic reticulum, Plasma membrane, Centriole, Golgi body, Lysosome, Vesicle, Ribosomes, Cytoplasm.

Question 2

18 of them

What components make up the plant cell?

Answer 2

Nucleus, Nucleolus, Nuclear envelope, Mitochondria, Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Rough endoplasmic reticulum, Plasma membrane, Centriole, Golgi body, Lysosome, Vesicle, Ribosomes, Cytoplasm, Cell wall, Vacuole, Vacuole membrane, Chloroplast, Plasmodesmata.

Question 3

What is the function of THE NUCLEUS?

Answer 3

Contains DNA which codes for or controls protein synthesis. DNA replication occurs here. Transcription produces mRNA templates.

Question 4

What is the function of THE NUCLEAR PORES?

Answer 4

Allow the transport of mRNA and ribosomes out of the nucleus.

Question 5

What is the function of THE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE?

Answer 5

Separates the contents of the nucleus form the cytoplasm.

Question 6

What is the function of THE NUCLEOLUS?

Answer 6

Produces rRNA, tRNA and ribosomes.

Question 7

What is the function of CHROMATIN?

Answer 7

Condenses before cell division to form chromosomes.

Question 8

What is the function of RER?

Answer 8

Packaging and storing proteins. Producing transport vesicles which merge to form the Golgi body.

Question 9

What is the function of SER

Answer 9

Produce, package and transport steroids and lipids.

Question 10

What is the function of THE GOLGI BODY?

Answer 10

Packaging proteins for secretion from the cell. Modification of proteins e.g. by adding carbohydrate chains to form glycoproteins. Producing lysosomes and digestive enzymes
(tertiary structure).

Question 11

What is the function of LYSOSOMES?

Answer 11

Contain powerful digestive enzymes to break down worn out organelles or cells. Phagocytes use lysosomes to digest engulfed bacteria.

Question 12

What is the function of CENTRIOLES?

Answer 12

Form the spindle during cell division. They are not present in higher plant cells.

Question 13

What is the function of MITOCHONDRIA?

Answer 13

ATP synthesis by aerobic respiration.

Question 14

What is the function of CHLOROPLASTS?

Answer 14

Contain photosynthetic pigments which trap light energy for photosynthesis.

Question 15

What is the function of THE VACUOLE?

Answer 15

Contains cell sap and stores solutes such as glucose. Swells due to osmosis for turgidity.

Question 16

What is the function of RIBOSOMES?

Answer 16

Protein synthesis. Primary protein structure is formed at the ribosome.

Question 17

What is the function of THE PLASMODESMATA?

Answer 17

Connects cells via cytoplasm filled canals, which pass through cell walls. Allows transport via the symplastic pathway.

Question 18

What is the function of THE CELL WALL?

Answer 18

Mechanical strength due to the high tensile strength of cellulose microfibrils.
Transport of solutes via the apoplastic
pathway.
Cell to cell communication via the plasmodesmata.

Question 19

What components make up the Chloroplast?

Answer 19

Outer membrane, Inner membrane, Stroma, Granum, Lumen, Thylakoids.

Question 20

What components make up the Mitochondria?

Answer 20

Outer membrane, Inner membrane, Matrix, Cristae

Question 21

What are the similarities between Chloroplasts and Mitochondria?

Answer 21

• Both have double membrane
• Both have highly folded inner membranes
• Both have a circle of DNA for self-replication
• Both have ribosomes
• Both produce ATP

Question 22

What are the differences between Chloroplasts and Mitochondria?

Answer 22

• Mitochondria have cristae, but chloroplasts have thylakoid membranes.
• Chloroplasts contain photosynthetic pigments to absorb light energy, mitochondria
  do not.
• Mitochondria have an inner matrix, but chloroplasts have a stroma.

Question 23

What components make up the Prokaryotic cell?

Answer 23

Cell wall, Plasma membrane, Nucleoid (DNA), Flagellum, Capsule, Plasmid, Pili, Ribosomes, Cytoplasm.

Question 24

What kingdom is made of Prokaryotic cells?

Answer 24

Bacteria

Question 25

Why do viruses not fit the cell theory?

Answer 25

• They have no cell membrane, no cytoplasm, no
  organelles and no chromosomes.
• Viruses can only reproduce with the help of a host cell.

Question 26

What’s the order of atoms to systems?

Answer 26

 Atoms are arranged into molecules.
 Molecules form cells.
 Cells work together to form tissues.
 Tissues form organs and organs form systems.

Question 27

What is Columnar epithelium tissue?

Answer 27

These cells are taller than they are wide and are found in many organs of the body, e.g. the small intestine, where the cells are covered in microvilli to increase the surface area for absorption.

Question 28

What is Cuboidal epithelium tissue?

Answer 28

These cells have approximately the same height and width. They can be found lining the proximal convoluted tubules in the kidney. They reabsorb useful substances that are filtered out of the blood.

Question 29

What is Squamous epithelium tissue?

Answer 29

Squamous epithelial cells are very thin. These cells line the alveoli in the lungs. Being very thin reduces the diffusion distance for the exchange of gases.

Question 30

What is Stratified epithelium tissue?

Answer 30

These tissues are made from layers of cells. The bottom layer is in contact with the basement membrane and divides to make the upper layers of the tissue. The top layers are usually dead and they can be worn away without damage being caused to the layers underneath. Examples of this type of tissue are found in skin and the oesophagus.

Question 31

What is Ciliated epithelium tissue?

Answer 31

Ciliated epithelial cells have a brush border of cilia; these contain protein microtubules that can move. This type of epithelium is found in the trachea where mucus needs to be moved out of the lungs and in the fallopian tubes where the cilia set up a current to move an embryo into the uterus.

Question 32

Where can you find Loose connective tissue?

Answer 32

between layers of tissues, e.g. under the skin.

Question 33

Where can you find Fibrous connective tissue?

Answer 33

in tendons and joins muscle to bone.

Question 34

Where can you find Bone tissue?

Answer 34

makes up the skeleton. It provides support and enables movement.

Question 35

Where can you find Adipose tissue?

Answer 35

stores fat as a source of energy, protection, thermal insulation, and buoyancy.

Question 36

Where can you find Cartilage tissue?

Answer 36

at the ends of bones and reduces friction during movement. Some cartilage is flexible, e.g. at the ends of the ribs.

Question 37

Where can you find Blood tissue?

Answer 37

a liquid tissue that transports nutrients, wastes, hormones and heat around the body.

Question 38

How to calculate magnification?

Answer 38

 Measure the A to B on your drawing with a ruler in mm.
 Divide this by the magnification (this will be given in the question).
 Then multiply by 1000 to convert mm to μm.
 Remember to give your answer to 3 significant figures.

Question 39

What is 1mm in µm?

Answer 39

1000µm

Question 40

What are viruses composed of?

Answer 40

• a protein coat called a capsid (the individual units are called capsomeres)
• enzymes involved in viral replication
• a molecule of DNA or RNA; this contains a small number of genes which code for essential viral proteins, such as the capsid proteins, proteins in the viral envelope (if present) and enzymes essential for replication of the virus.

Question 41

Equation for magnification

Answer 41

(Size of image/size of real object)