1.2 carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What elements are all carbohydrates made from?

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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2
Q

What are 3 examples of hexose monosaccharides?

A

glucose, fructose and galactose
they all have the molecular formula C6H12O6

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3
Q

What are 3 examples of disaccharides?

A

sucrose, lactose, maltose
they all have the molecular formula C12H22O11

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4
Q

What are the features of monosaccharides?

A

They are small, soluble and sweet
They are used as an energy store in respiration

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5
Q

In what form are carbohydrates transported in the blood?

A

As monosaccharides

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6
Q

Why are glucose molecules soluble in water?

A

As they are polar so hydrogen bonds can form in between the hydroxyl group and the water molecule

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7
Q

What are the two isomers of glucose?

A

alpha and beta

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8
Q

What is the rule for remembering alpha vs beta

A

Alpha below beta above

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9
Q

What type of sugar is glucose?

A

Hexose sugar

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10
Q

How can glucose be described.

A

Hydrophillic

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11
Q

What is an example of a pentose sugar?

A

Ribose

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12
Q

What is a disachharide?

A

Two monosaccharides bonded together by a glycosidic bond by a condensation reaction

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13
Q

What makes up sucrose?

A

glucose and fructose

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14
Q

What makes up lactose?

A

glucose and galactose

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15
Q

What are the three examples of polysaccharides?

A

starch, glycogen and cellulose

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16
Q

What monosaccharides are starch made up of?

A

Alpha glucose

17
Q

What energy store is glucose made up of?

A

Chemical energy which can be released during photosynthesis

18
Q

How is glucose produced in plant cells?

A

using light energy trapped during photosynthesis

19
Q

Why do plants store glucose as starch?

A
  • glucose is soluble so a large amount of dissolved glucose can cause water to move into the cell by osmosis
  • this effects the cells water potential
  • to stop this cells store glucose as starch as it is unsoluble
20
Q

What two polymers does starch consist of?

A

Amylose and amylopectin

21
Q

What is the structure of amylose?

A
  • It is a long, unbranched chain which twists into compact a helix structure (coiled)
  • it is joined by 1,4 glycosidic bonds
22
Q

How is amylose suited for its function?

A

Since it is compact its good for storage as you can fit more into a small space

23
Q

How do polysaccharides convert to monosaccharides?

A

The polymer is broken down through hydrolysis by the addition of a water molecule.

24
Q

What is the structure of amylopectin?

A

-It is joined by 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds which causes it to branch every 25-30 molecules
-since it is branched it causes more rapid hydrolysis

25
Q

What are the key features of starch?

A
  • It is insoluble: doesnt effect the water potential of the cell
  • It cant diffuse out of the cell: stays where it is stored
  • Rapid hydrolysis: enzymes act at the end of the molecule, since amylopectin is branched there are more ends to act on
26
Q

What is the major carbohydrate storage molecule found in animal cells?

A

Glycogen

27
Q

What is the structure of glycogen?

A
  • it is made up of alpha glucose molecules
  • it consists of 1,4 1,6 glycosidic bonds
  • it is very heavily branched which allows more rapid hydrolysis
  • important as animals require more energy than plants : constantlly moving
28
Q

What are the key features of glycogen?

A
  • heavily branched
  • occurs in animals : made from the excess taken in which hasnt been used up in respiration
    -mainly stored in liver and muscle cells : removes toxins and movement respectively
  • it is too large to diffuse out of cells
29
Q

What is the role of cellulose?

A
  • major part of the cell wall in plants
  • provides structural strength in plants : prevents bursting if excess water is taken in
30
Q

What is cellulose a polymer of?

A

beta glucose

31
Q

What is the structure of cellulose?

A
  • every other beta glucose molecule is inverted
  • this forms a 1,4 glycosidic bonds
  • straight, long chains lie parallel to eachother : unbranched
  • hydrogen bonds form between neighbouring chains
32
Q

Why are the hydrogen bonds strong?

A
  • weak by themselves
  • many form between chains making them strong
33
Q

What happens when cellulose chains group together?

A
  • they create microfibrils
  • microfibrils group together to form macrofibrils
  • these form a cellulose fibre
34
Q

Describe the benedicts test for reducing sugars

A
  • add an equal volume of benedicts reagent to a sample
  • heat the mixture in a water bath at 100* for 5 minutes
  • for a positive result there is a colour change from blue to orange/brick red precipitate
35
Q

Describe the benedicts test for non reducing sugars.

A
  • negative result benedicts reagent stays blue
  • hydrolyse non-reducing sugars (e.g sucrose) into their monomers by adding 1cm^3 of HCl which will break the glycosidic bond
  • heat in a water bath for 5 minutes
  • neutralise the mixture using sodium carbonate solution
  • proceed with the benedicts test for reducing sugars
36
Q

Describe the test for starch

A
  • add iodine solution
  • positive test : orange –> blue/black
37
Q

How could a colorimeter be used to give qualitative results for the presence of sugars and starch?

A
  • make standard solutions with known concerntrations
  • record absorbance or % transmission values
  • plot calibration curve : absorbance (y axis), concentration (x axis)
  • record absorbtion values of unknown samples and use calibration curve to read off concentration