1.2 Business Economics Flashcards
How do you define production?
It is a process that involves converting resources into goods or services
What is the difference between the labour-intensive and capital-intensive production?
Labour-intensive relies more heavily on labour rather than machinery i.e. China, where labour is very cheap
Capital-intensive is the opposite i.e. Western countries, because labour is more difficult to manage
What is considered a primary sector?
It’s a production involving the extraction of raw materials from the earth
i.e. agriculture, fishing, forestry and mining
What is considered a secondary sector?
It’s a production involving the processing of raw materials into finished and semi-finished good (intermediate goods/producer goods)
i.e manufacturing, food processing
What is considered a tertiary sector?
It’s a production of services
i.e. commercial (delivery, printing), financial, household (plumbing), leisure, professional (legal advice) and transport services
Why does de-industrialisation happen, while services grow? pg.105
People in such countries spend more money on services rather than on manufactured goods;
Competition from countries with strong manufacturing;
Growth of public sector as the country develops and so more public services are provided;
Machines replace people so employment in manufacturing falls
What is productivity and which factors affect it? pg.109
It’s the rate at which goods are produced; its amount in relation to the work, time and money inputs
It is calculated by dividing total output by the number of workers
Land - the quality of it directly affects the productivity and can be improved through:
_Fertilisers and pesticides
_Drainage - flooded land is drained
_Irrigation - natural sources of water are directed towards dry land
_Reclamation - new land from oceans, riverbeds and lakebeds
_Genetically modified crops
Labour
_Training - national education and training in firms increase the knowledge and improve/provide skills (i.e. improve leadership) and improve motivation; this allows jobs to be performed more effectively
_Improved motivation - financial and non-financial incentives like piece rates (money paid for the amount of production, not time at work) and job rotation (changing tasks so that there is more variety and it’s less boring => motivation)
_Improved working practices - better methods or systems of work
i.e. moving workstations in a way that workers have to walk less and thus work more
_Migration - high skilled immigrants or immigrants that allow national employees to work more i.e. childminder from overseas
Capital - more efficient new technology or just more capital employed trigger the improvements in productivity
_Primary sector - use of machinery increase output, reduce waste and improve working conditions; chemicals and pesticides raise crop yield and strengthens plants;
_Secondary - complex plant and equipment are more efficient and reduce the need for labour in boring demotivating jobs
_Tertiary - technology allows services to be improved i.e. internet shopping, self-checkout systems, laser surgery, better medicine
What is division of labour?
When production process is broken down into small parts with tasks allocated to workers
How does division of labour affect workers?
Advantages - more skilled due to repetition of the same task; job satisfaction and better employability due to the acquired skillfulness;
Disadvantages - health implication like joint wear; dissatisfaction and bad motivation due to boredom; less employable if too specialised;
How does division of labour affect businesses?
Even though efficiency and profits improve when workers are more specialised, there are some disadvantages
Advantages - efficiency, accuracy and productivity improved; production time is reduced when workers don’t need to change their station; organisation and regulation is easier;
Disadvantages - poor quality work and staff arriving late at work/absent due to dissatisfaction and poor motivation; interdependence (i.e. the whole line stops if one station fails); loss of flexibility (i.e. specialised worker of specific task is absent and there is no substitution)
What are fixed costs (overheads)?
Costs that remain unchanged despite the varying output
i.e. rent, advertising, interest payments
What are variable costs?
Costs that change as the output levels change; as the output increases, the variable costs rise
i.e. raw materials, fuel, labour
What does Total Cost represent and how is it calculated?
It is a cost to a firm of producing all output over a period of time
It’s calculated by adding all Variable costs and all Fixed costs
What does Average Cost represent and how is it calculated?
It’s a cost of production a single unit of output
Average Cost = Total Cost/Quantity
What is Total Revenue?
It’s the amount of money a firm receives from selling its output
It’s a product of Price and Quantity
What is Profit?
It’s the money left after deducting the Total Cost from Total Revenue
A loss is made when Total Cost exceeds Total Revenue