Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biophysics 2 (LAB) > 12. Audiometry > Flashcards

12. Audiometry Flashcards

1
Q

What is Intensity?

A

an objective, physical quantity characterizing the stimulus arriving at the ear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the sensation of loudness depend on?

A

on the frequency (pitch) and the intensity of sound.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Does the value of loudness vary directly with intensity?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Weber-Fechner’s law

A

A logarithmic scale has been used to describe the response of the ear to stimuli of different intensity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Stevens’ law

A
  • The loudness – intensity relationship corresponds well to the universal psychophysical power law
  • Describes the relationship between the stimulus and the sensation valid for every sensory process
    • where S is the power of sensation, and n is the exponent corresponding to the particular sensory process.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which processes can explain the strong frequency dependence of hearing at the level of mechanical oscillations

A

Resonance processes of the outer and inner ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does this figure plot? Name of the curve

A

plot of intensity level versus frequency for sounds of equal loudness

→ equal- loudness curves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The points corresponding to ___ may connected into the isophon curves.

A

equal loudness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is reference intensity?

A

Sound intensity that can just be heard at the reference frequency (1000 Hz)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How to calculate The intensity level of an arbitrary sound (JdB) measured in decibels

A

The intensity level of an arbitrary sound (JdB) measured in decibels (dB) corresponding to sound’s intensity (J ) is defined as:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the hearing-threshold contour defined as?

A

0 phon loudness level.

→ This is the lowest contour in the equal-loudness contour plot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The hearing-threshold contour is defined as the 0 phon loudness level. This is the lowest contour in the equal-loudness contour plot.

→ By raising the intensity level of the reference frequency to 10, 20, 30, … dB, ___ of 10, 20, 30, … phon were determined

A

the respective equal-loudness contours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How to calculate the loudness level ( Lphon) of the sound?

A

The loudness level ( Lphon) of the sound corresponds to the intensity level of the reference sound (Weber-Fechner law) as:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does this expression mean?

A

This means that the loudness level ( Lphon) in phons is equal to the dB value of the intensity level of the reference sound (JdB 1000Hz ).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

It was found that increasing the loudness level by 10 phons corresponds to ___

A

doubling the sound sensation

→ 20 phons correspond 4 to times louder and 30 phons to 8 times louder sound, and so on.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Do the values of the „Weber-Fechner-type phon-scale” reflect the linear change in our hearing sensation.?

A

Unfortunately, the values of the „Weber-Fechner-type phon-scale” do not reflect the linear change in our hearing sensation.

→ The values corresponding to the sound heard 2, 3, or 4 times louder are expected to have corresponding loudness level values 2, 3, 4 times higher.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe sone values

A

the sone values corresponding to the unchanged equal-loudness curves but reflecting the linear psychophysical sensation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the fundamental point of this „sone scale” of loudness?

A

The fundamental point of this „sone scale” of loudness is the 40-dB intensity level of the reference sound which is, by definition, 1 sone.

1 sone = 40 phons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does this graph indicate?

A

Loudness as a function of intensity is plotted in Fig. 2 based on a large number of measurements of the loudness estimates of different people.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Auditory organs need some __ for determining loudness.

A

time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Auditory organs need some time for determining loudness. The total time necessary for this process is approximately (1)____ (number) seconds in healthy individuals, but it can be (2)___ in the hearing-impaired.

A
  • 0.2
  • longer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is audiometry?

A

Testing of hearing by means of an audiometer

→ i.e, testing of hearing by recording the threshold of hearing as a function of frequency.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

3 aims of audiometry

A
  • to measure the extent of hearing loss of the patient
  • to monitor the effects of a loud working environment in certain professions
  • to adjust the hearing aid of the patient
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does A condition of sensory-neural hearing loss mean?

A

permanent damage or defects in the inner ear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What happen In the case of conductive hearing loss?

A

an obstacle prevents sound from reaching the inner ear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

2 tests for examination of hearing

A

pure-tone audiometry or speech audiometry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The hearing threshold of hearing-impaired patients is ___(higher/lower) than that of healthy individuals

A

Higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How is hearing loss measured?

A
  • It is measured at different frequencies by pure-tone audiometry (using harmonic sound waves) as:

hearing loss = measured threshold of hearing – normal threshold of hearing = J dB measured –J dB norm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How is hearing loss determined in hearing-threshold audiometry?

A

hearing loss is determined in dB units (JdB)

→ since the phon or sone scale is valid only for healthy individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Can we use the phon or sone scale for hearing loss measurement?

A

No

→ since the phon or sone scale is valid only for healthy individuals.

31
Q

Fill the gap

A
32
Q

In the so-called ___, hearing loss is determined in dB units (JdB), since the phon or sone scale is valid only for healthy individuals.

A

hearing-threshold audiometry

33
Q

In the so-called hearing-threshold audiometry, hearing loss is determined in dB units (JdB), since the phon or sone scale is valid only for ___ individuals.

A

healthy

34
Q

In the so-called hearing-threshold audiometry, hearing loss is determined in dB units (JdB), since the phon or sone scale is valid only for healthy individuals.

A straight line at 0 dB (Fig. 3) represents ___

A

the curve of the normal threshold of hearing.

35
Q

In the so-called hearing-threshold audiometry, hearing loss is determined in dB units (JdB), since the phon or sone scale is valid only for healthy individuals.

→ A straight line at 0 dB (Fig. 3) represents the curve of the normal threshold of hearing. →____ appears below this line, and differences from the normal values are plotted.

A

Increased threshold of hearing

36
Q

What is the The pure-tone audiometer?

A

a device that generates an output of harmonic (sinusoidal) voltage of adjustable frequencies in air-conduction headphones (N.B.: bone conduction exists as well).

37
Q

The pure-tone audiometer is a device that generates an output of harmonic (sinusoidal) voltage of adjustable frequencies in air-conduction headphones (N.B.: bone conduction exists as well).

→ The adjustable frequency (pitch of the generated sound) spans the ___ audible range and can be set in octave steps.

A

entire

38
Q

The pure-tone audiometer

What does the output voltage of the sound generator determine?

A

the intensity level (loudness) of the sound generated in the headphones.

39
Q

Audiograms of the left and right ear are measured separately with the active co-operation of the examined person.

→ After the air-conduction threshold of hearing, the ___ of hearing is usually determined

A

bone-conduction threshold

40
Q

Audiograms of the left and right ear are measured separately with the active co-operation of the examined person.

→ After the ___ of hearing, the bone-conduction threshold of hearing is usually determined

A

air-conduction threshold

41
Q

Does the outer ear and inner ear participate in bone-conduction threshold?

A

No

42
Q

The bone-conduction threshold of hearing is much ____(higher/lower) than the air-conduction one (less sensitive by 40-60 dB)

A

higher

43
Q

The bone-conduction headphone is calibrated so that the (1)___ (number) types of thresholds for hearing appear at the same 0 dB line in the audiogram in case of normal hearing.

A

2

44
Q

The bone-conduction headphone is calibrated so that the two types of thresholds for hearing appear at the same 0 dB line in the audiogram in case of ___

A

normal hearing.

45
Q

How to do air-conduction threshold of hearing and the bone-conduction threshold of hearing at the same time?

A

A bone vibrator is attached closely to the mastoid process behind on of the ears, while the hearing of the other ear is suppressed by the addition of air-conducted white noise

46
Q

The bone-conduction headphone is calibrated so that the two types of thresholds for hearing appear at the same 0 dB line in the audiogram in case of normal hearing.

→ The differences of the two audiograms will indicate the ____

A

injuries of the middle ear.

47
Q

The bone-conduction headphone is calibrated so that the two types of thresholds for hearing appear at the same 0 dB line in the audiogram in case of normal hearing.

→ What will indicate the injuries of the middle ear?

A

The differences of the two audiograms

48
Q

What is sound dose (D)?

A

Exposure to loud noises causes hearing loss that is proportional to the amount of sound that arrived into the ear

49
Q

Formula for sound dose (D)

A

Sound dose is proportional to its intensity and duration (D = J 􏰮 t).

50
Q

Damage of the hair cells of the organ of Corti has been shown to occur in experimental animals exposed to ___(Fig. 4).

The damage was the greatest at positions along the ___ corresponding to the sound frequencies used.

A
  • loud noise
  • basal membrane
51
Q

Gradual loss of hearing with age is a natural process (presbycusis, presbyacusis, presbycusia)

→ The process begins at the age of 20 and results in a ___

A

gradual decrease of the highest audible frequency of the person

52
Q

Assign the axis title for this audiograms

A
53
Q

Hearing is impaired if hearing loss exceeds ___ (number with unit), as marked by thick line on the audiogram (Fig. 6).

A

30 dB

54
Q

Hearing is impaired if hearing loss exceeds 30 dB, as marked by thick line on the audiogram (Fig. 6).

Dashed lines mark ___

The upper envelope of the shaded region represents___

A
  • the usual frequency range of the noise- induced hearing loss.
  • the normal threshold for pain.
55
Q

Increased threshold of hearing means that one can hear only ____

A

sounds of higher intensity than the normal threshold of hearing at a given frequency.

56
Q

PLAN OF THE MEASUREMENT,

A
  1. Determine the voltage (U) corresponding to your threshold of hearing at the given frequencies by using equation (10).
  2. Calculate the hearing threshold intensities (Jown) from the voltages by using equation (11) and convert them into dB units (JdB own) according to equation (12).
  3. Plot your own threshold of hearing contour on the „NORMAL THRESHOLD OF HEARING” graph (Fig. 9 upper graph).
  4. Read the normal threshold of hearing values at given frequencies from the given plot JdB norm , and calculate the difference JdB own – JdB norm.
  5. Plot your own „AUDIOGRAM”, that is, the difference versus frequency graph. (Fig. 9 lower plot).
57
Q

What is SPEED OF SOUND WAVES?

A

product of wavelength and frequency

58
Q

What is sound pressure?

A

harmonic pressure variation superimposed on the equilibrium pressure of the medium (e.g., atmospheric pressure, patm).

59
Q

Definition of SOUND INTENSITY

A

amount of energy delivered by the sound wave to 1 m2 area in 1 s time.

→ It is the average power of the sound (P) incident perpendicularly to a surface divided by the surface area (A): J 􏰪 P / A . I

→ t can also be expressed as the square of the effective value of the pressure ( prms) divided by the acoustic impedance (Z ):

60
Q

Definition of COEFFICIENT OF REFLECTION (REFLECTIVITY)

A

ratio of the reflected and incident sound intensities.

61
Q

What is pitch?

A

physiological sensation of the height of the sound note, which is a logarithmic function of frequency (valid up to 1 kHz)

62
Q

What is Fourier theorem?

A

any signal (sound) can be decomposed into series of harmonic (sinusoidal) signals of specific frequencies, amplitudes and phase.

→ The reverse process, called harmonic Fourier synthesis, is the reconstruction of any waveform from its harmonic components.

63
Q

What is the harmonic Fourier synthesis?

A

the reconstruction of any waveform from its harmonic components.

64
Q

What is TIMBRE (TONE, TONALITY)?

A

It is determined by the relative amplitudes of the fundamental frequency and harmonics in the Fourier spectrum of the waveform. Hence, we can distinguish pure sine wave, music, noise, and transient (e.g., drumbeat).

( quality of auditory sensations produced by the tone of a sound wave.)

65
Q

What is reference intensity?

A

→ Intensity of the threshold of hearing at 1000 Hz.

J0 = 10 -12 W/m2.

→ This is the average auditory threshold of young, healthy individuals.

66
Q

What is INTENSITY LEVEL (SPL)?

A

Logarithm of the intensity ratio

→ The unit of the intensity level is the decibel (dB).

67
Q

What is LOUDNESS LEVEL (phon)?

A

Sound of different frequency appears of the same loudness level at different intensities.

→ This fact is expressed in the equal-loudness curve plot. → Phon value of the sound of any frequency equals the dB value of the reference sound (1000 Hz, sin) producing the same perception of loudness level.

→ Lphon = JdB 1000Hz .

68
Q

What is LOUDNESS (sone)?

A

psychophysical quantity, the value of which represents how loud we feel a sound of given intensity.

→ 1 sone = 40 phon.

→ Loudness and sone values double by every 10 phons.

69
Q

What is impaired hearing?

A

above a certain loudness level, impairment is proportional to the received dose of the sound, which is the product of intensity (J ) and time (t) (D = J􏰮 t).

70
Q

Definition of

THRESHOLD OF HEARING (AUDITORY THRESHOLD)

A

the smallest intensity of sound at a given frequency that the human ear can just hear. By plotting the threshold of hearing as a function of frequency, the threshold of hearing curve is obtained.

71
Q

What is THRESHOLD OF PAIN?

A

the highest intensity of sound that one can tolerate for a short time without any harm (approximately
10 W/m2).

72
Q

What is audiogram?

A

the hearing loss (dB) versus frequency plot.

73
Q

Fill the gap

A

Biophysics 2 (LAB) (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions