12. Anesthesia of Ruminants, Camelids, and Swine Flashcards
What is the biggest anesthetic concerns of ruminants and camelids?
regurgitation and aspiration of rumen or stomach contents
Have the potential to bloat and have different methods of tracheal intubation
they are herbivores and MUST breathe through their nose
avoid the use of anticholinergics and acepromazines
Mainly A2 agonists and ketamine is used
What is regurg and aspiration in ruminants?
neonatal ruminants do not chew cud, treat like a dog
produce copious amounts of saliva
anesthesia produces loss of protective airway reflexes
ruminants are prone to regurgitation and inhalation of rumen contents
General anesthesia performed on the farm may not enable reliable airway protection
Aspiration causes severe lung damage, lack of oxygen and death
How do we prevent apiration and bloat?
fast for 24-48 hrs w/ removal of water 6-24hrs in adult cattle - smler ruminants can dec times slightly, reduces rumen tontents
position head and neck to allow drainage away from airway
with ET tube - remove when holding head up
What is bloat
fermentation continues and eructation is not possible
rumen distends w/ gas
pressure placed on the diaphragm and thoracic cavity, lacks O and lung ventilation
dec flow of blood back to heart
poor blood circulation
tx difficult
What is typically used for sedation
dose A2 agonist according to temp (xylazine, reverse w/ atipamezole)
Can use butorphanol and can add ketamine for anesthesia
What is the llama lullabY
For sedation
Llama Lullaby (need higher dose for alpaca)
– 100 mg xylazine (1mL; 100mg/mL)
– 10 mg butorphanol (1 mL; 10 mg/mL)
– 1000 mg ketamine (1 mL; 100mg/mL)
* Dose
– 1 mL/45 kg for sedation
– 1 mL/15-20 kg for anesthesia
* 20 mins
* May need local analgesia for surger
Why is tracheal intubation difficult in camelids?
bc of anatomy
Narrow gape, mound on dorsum of tongue, elongated soft palate
How is anesthesia and recovery of small camelids?
monitoring depth - loss of palpebral reflex, DORSAL palpebral reflex remains
Position into sternal recumbency for recovery
Keep intubated until they can hold head up (neck tone) and are able to swallow
Suction any regurg from pharynx
check for nasal breathing after extubation
How is a2 agonists in goats and sheep?
High doses can cause recumbency
Goats can be sensitive to xylazine, use 1/10 the dose you would in a horse)
Can cause hypoxemia when breathing air - supplement O if possible
incidences of pulmonary edema in some sheep
Xylazine causes inc in uterine tone in last trimester of preg - abortion possible, can use detomidine, dexmedetomidine
How do we maintain anesthesia in goats and sheep?
induce w/ propofol, alfaxalone or ketamine/diazepam
Use butorphanol as an analgesic
Propofol infusion
triple drip mix (cattle/sheep) - GGE, xylazine, ketamine
How do we intubate goats/sheep?
place in sternal OR lateral
Use soft ropes to open mouth
pull more on upper jaw to have airway in a straight line
pull tongue forwards
Spray larynx w/ lidocaine
use a tube w/ stylet
Place using a good laryngoscope
May have to place blade on epiglottis
How do we monitor the depth of anesthesia in sheep, goats and cattle?
Eye signs in Sheep, goats and cattle
rotated eye = light - surgical plane
Central eye = deep - surgical plane
Palpebral refles - present in light plane of anesthesia
nystagmus - not common or useful
may swallow at light-surgical plane
How do we sedate and anesthetize mature cattle
A2 agonist commonly used (xylazine/detomidine)
Vocalize and high doses can result in recumbency
Xylazine can cause abortion in 3rd trimester
add butorphanol for analgesia
induce w/ ketamine
Can use triple drip to maintain anesthesia
can use inhalational anesthesia after intubation
How is recovery of mature ruminants?
usually smooth
guide up w/ halter rope and tail hold
can reverse A2 using atipamezole IM
leave tube in place until able to hold head up (neck tone) and eructate
How is anesthesia of piglets/mini/ teacup pigs?
prone to hypothermia
acepromazine + azaperone promote heat loss
usually DO NOT fast if suckling
otherwise, fasting rules comparable to the dog
Sedate w/ drugs given IM
use in halation for maintenance by mask if necessary
Calculat max V of local analgesics: ex. intratesticular lidocaine
How is small pig anesthesia?
some fastinf rules as a dog/cat
can sedate IM (in order of increasing sedation)
1. Xylazine (2 mg/kg) – alone is not reliable
2. Azaperone (2 – 4 mg/kg) + Butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg)
3. Dexmedetomidine (20 – 30 mcg/kg) + Butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg)
4. Xylazine (1 – 2 mg/kg) + Ketamine (5 – 10 mg/kg) + Butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg) +/- Midazolam (0.2 mg/kg)
5. Dexmedetomidine (20 – 30 mcg/kg) + Ketamine (5 – 10 mg/kg) + Butorphanol (0.2
mg/kg) +/- Midazolam (0.2 mg/kg)
How do you intubate swine?
can use lidocaine spray
require sylets and a good laryngoscope
range of ET tube sizes
mucosa is delicate and will bleed profusely
can try any body position - lat considered most difficult
consider pre-ox
ensure adequate anesthetic depth
laryngeal anatomy can make intubation difficultbc of right angle bend
insert tube w/ sylet halfway thru layrnx, pull out sylet and push tube into larynx w/ 180 degree turn
