12. Adaptive Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What cells do glandular fever virus infect

A

b cells in lymph nodes

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2
Q

What must happen for t cell to become activates

A

T cell receptor TCR
Must engage an abnormal cell

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3
Q

What happens when t cell activated

A

becomes larger,
more adherent
and motile and
begins to make proteins that allow it to attack it’s target cell = chromatin unravels

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4
Q

How come t cells have wide range of receptors

A

acquired a gene from virus in prehistoric times,
This gene can be rearranged into many forms to make many proteins

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5
Q

What is consequence of every t cell having random rearrangement of the tcr gene

A

3 options:
- makes something useless (need mech to ensure these dont multiply)
- makes something harmful (‘self reactive t cells’ - need to destroy these
- makes the right thing = need to multiply these

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6
Q

where does selection process of t cells occur

A

thymus gland

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7
Q

which glycoprotein allows intracellular proteins to be displayed on the surface of cells

A

major histocompatibility molecules (MHC)

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7
Q

structure of t cell receptor and how it helps selection process

A

two chains
if they cant interact = then can see it cant form a proper receptor = so cell is eliminated

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8
Q

what will happen to ensure the correct T cells are activated and proliferates

A
  • Antigen presenting cells (e.g. macrophages that have englufed virally infected cells) =
    encourage t cells to divide
  • Helper T cells = release cytokines to further help proliferation
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9
Q

1st step to kill an infected cell

A

LYCTIC REACTION
- cytotoxic t cell forms tight bond with infected cell
- injects enzymes to cause cell to apoptose

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10
Q

what enzymes injected during lytic reaction

A
  • perforin = causes small pores in target cell
    = granzyme and granulsyin enter = cause apoptosis
  • FAS = a signalling protein = instruct cells to enter apoptosis
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11
Q

qhy apoptosis the preferred method to kill cell

A

Programmed cell death (apoptosis) causes cells to activate enzymes that break down all internal components including any virus preventing further spread

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12
Q

some wider functions of t cells

A
  • support antibody formation
  • interact w innate immune system (can be activated by DAMPS and PAMPS)
  • negative regulation of immune responses
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13
Q

what happens when b lymphocytes are activvated

A

when something is recognised by the B cell receptor
= develop into plasma cell (the antibody secreting form of a b cell)

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14
Q

where are plasma cells found

A

in bone marrow
only antibodies produced are sent into circulation

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15
Q

what is vdj recombonation

A

variable region
diversity region
joining region

16
Q

how are antibodies diff to T cells in terms of variability

A

seoncd wave variability ocurs after encountering the antigen = somatic hypermutation
THEN
undergo affinity maturation in lymph node = the good ones become dominant antibodies

17
Q

treatment of inherited B or T cell deficiency

A

can lead to fatal infection in early infancy
so need protection in early life
then bone marrow transplant

18
Q

3 ways that immune deficiency can be acquired

A
  • HIV/AIDS infection
  • immunosuppressive therapy after organ translpant
  • or immunosuppression to treat autoimmune disease
19
Q

how could EBV virus be reactivated

A

after immunosuppressant therapy given
the virus usually latent
= could even lead to EBV associated lymphoproliferative disorders - cancer

20
Q

rheumatoid arthiritis

A

T an B cells reacting abnormally to proteins that line the membrane of joints
recruits neutrophils
bad bad
but can be treated with immuno suppressive treatment

21
Q
A