12 Flashcards
What are cytokines?
Cell-signalling chemicals which signal to lymphocytes to move to site of infection
Stimulate specific immune response
How does a blood clot form up until the formation of thrombin?
Platelets are activated and produce thromboplastin
Thromboplastin catalysts production of thrombin from prothrombin and calcium ions
What happens after thrombin forms?
Thrombin catalysed the reaction of producing fibrin from fibrinogen
Clot forms
What does serotonin do?
Contract smooth vessels of blood vessels around site of wound to reduce blood going to the area
Action of histamines to with temperature?
Dilated blood vessels to increase temperature and stop pathogen reproduction
What do histamines do to form tissue fluid?
Make blood vessels more leaky so blood plasma is forced out, forming tissue fluid
What happens when a plant is attacked?
Callose synthesised and deposited between cell walls and membranes to prevent pathogen entry
When a plant is attacked, what does callose do to phloem?
Callose deposited blocks sieve plates so sugars can’t reach site of infection (prevent pathogens from respiring)
What happens to plasmodesmata?
Callose deposited in them to seal off infected cells from the healthy
How does lignin help?
Adds mechanical strength to strengthen barrier against pathogen entry
4 types of T cells are what?
T helper (interleukins) T killer (destroy) T memory (faster secondary response) T regulator (suppression)
3 types of B cells are?
B memory Plasma cells (produce correct antibody) B effector (form plasma clones)
T cell response is called?
Cell-mediated immunity
What are phagocytes?
White blood cells involved in non-specific immunity responses
Neutrophils and macrophages
What happens after a pathogen is broken down by lysosomes enzymes?
Antigens are combined with Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC)
MHC moves antigens to plasma membrane and combines them to form APC
