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IGCSE Biology > 1.2-2.4 The Nature and Variety of Life > Flashcards

1.2-2.4 The Nature and Variety of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do livings organisms respire?

A

Release energy from their food

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2
Q

Why do livings organisms excrete their waste?

A

Need to remove waste products e.g., carbon dioxide and urine

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3
Q

What do livings organisms respond to in their surroundings?

A

Can react to changes in their surroundings

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4
Q

Why do livings organisms move?

A

Move (including plants) towards things like water and food, and away from things like predators and poisons

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5
Q

What do livings organisms control of their internal conditions?

A

Internal conditions include temperature and water content

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6
Q

Why do livings organisms reproduce?

A

Have to produce offspring for their species to survive

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7
Q

Why do livings organisms grow and develop

A

Have to grow and develop into their adult form

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8
Q

Describe eukaryotic organisms

A

Complex

Plant, animal, fungi and protocists are eukaryotic organisms

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9
Q

Describe the features of plants

A

Multicellular
Have chloroplasts can photosynthesise
Cells have cell walls of cellulose
Plants store carbohydrates as sucrose or starch

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10
Q

What is an example of a plant

A

Flowering plants

  • cereals (e.g. maize)
  • herbaceous legumes (e.g. peas and beans)
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11
Q

Describe the features of animals

A

Multicellular
Don’t have chloroplasts and can’t photosynthesise
Don’t have cell walls
Nervous coordination - can respond rapidly to changes in environment
Move around
Store carbohydrate in the form of glycogen

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12
Q

What are examples of animals?

A

Mammals e.g. humans

Insects e.g. houseflies and mosquitos

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13
Q

Describe the features of fungi

A

Single celled
Multicellular have a body called mycelium - made up of hyphae (thread-like structures)
Hyphae contain lots of nuclei
Can’t photosynthesise
Cell walls of chitin
Most feed by saprotrophic nutrition - secrete extracellular enzymes into the area outside their body to dissolve their food, absorb the nutrients
Store carbohydrate as glycogen

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14
Q

Give an example of a fungi

A

Yeast - single celled

Mucor - multicellular and has a mycelium and hyphae

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15
Q

Describe the features of protoctists

A

Single celled and microscopic
Some have chloroplasts and similar to plant cells
Others more like animal cells

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16
Q

Give an example of protoctists

A

Chlorella (plant cell like)
Amoeba (animal cell like) lives in pond water
Plasmodium - causes malaria

17
Q

Describe the features of prokaryotic cells

A

Smaller and simpler

Bacteria is a prokaryotic organism

18
Q

Describe the features of bacteria

A 
Single celled and microscopic 
Don't have a nucleus 
Circular chromosome of DNA
Some cam photosynthesise 
Most bacteria feed off other living and dead organisms
19
Q

What are some examples of bacteria

A

Lactobacillus bulgaricus - turn milk into yogurt (useful)

Pneumococcus - causes pneumonia

20
Q

Describe the features of viruses

A

Particles rather than cells
Smaller than bacteria
Can only reproduce inside living cells, example of a parasite - depends on another organism to grow and reproduce
Infect all types of living organisms
Come in different shapes and sizes
Don’t have a cellular structure - have a protein coat around some genetic material (either DNA or RNA)

21
Q

What are some examples of viruses

A

Influenza virus - causes ‘flu’
HIV - causes AIDS
Tobacco mosaic virus - stops leaves of tobacco plants from producing chloroplasts and discolours them

22
Q

What is a pathogen

A

Organisms which cause disease

Include some fungi, bacteria and protoctists - viruses are also pathogens

23
Q

What is the function of the nucleus

A

Contains genetic material that controls the cell’s activities
Surrounded by its own membrane

24
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm

A

Gel- like substance where most of the cell’s chemical reaction happen
Contains enzymes which control these reactions

25
Q

What is the function of ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis

26
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane

A

Form the outer surface of the cell

Controls the substances that go in and out

27
Q

What is the function of mitochondria

A

Aerobic respiration site

Respiration transfers energy that the cell needs to work

28
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts

A

Site of Photosynthesis - makes food for the plant

Contain chlorophyll which is used in photosynthesis

29
Q

What is the function of the vacuole

A

Contains cell sap

Helps support the cell

30
Q

What is the function of the cell wall

A

A rigid structure made of cellulose
Surrounds the cell membrane
Supports the cell and strengthens it

31
Q

What are the differences between plant and animal cells

A

Plant cells also have chloroplasts, vacuole and a cell wall

IGCSE Biology (5 decks)

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