1.2 Flashcards
What were the key aims of the Jacobins?
Abolish monarchy, create centralised republic, support economic controls and popular democracy
Key figures include Maximilien Robespierre, Jean-Paul Marat, and Georges Danton.
When were the Girondins established?
Late 1791
They evolved from moderate Jacobins.
What views did the Girondins advocate for?
Liberal republic, free trade, limit Paris mob influence
They initially wanted a constitutional monarchy.
What was the primary aim of the Feuillants?
Support a constitutional monarchy
They opposed radical measures and were primarily drawn from the bourgeoisie.
What was a significant failure of the Counter-Revolutionaries?
Failed to secure foreign intervention early enough
Louis XVI’s indecision alienated all sides.
What triggered violent uprisings in the Vendée region in 1793?
Opposition to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790)
This was particularly prominent among Catholic counter-revolutionaries.
Fill in the blank: The Jacobins supported the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a _______.
centralised republic
What were the taxation reforms introduced during the Revolution?
Abolished old system of tax farming, introduced universal land tax (1791) based on landownership
Aimed to be fairer.
What did the Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790) entail?
Clergy became paid state employees, bishops and priests elected
Many priests refused the oath of loyalty, creating a refractory clergy.
What was the purpose of assignats?
Paper currency backed by seized church land
Initially successful but overissued, leading to massive inflation by 1795.
What government was established in 1795?
Directory
It introduced a five-man executive.
What was the Flight to Varennes?
Attempt by Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette to flee France, caught at Varennes
Destroyed trust in the king and increased calls for a republic.
What was the outcome of the Champ de Mars Massacre?
Over 50 killed when National Guard fired on radicals demanding abolition of monarchy
This divided revolutionaries further into moderates (Feuillants) and radicals (Jacobins).
Who led the National Guard formed in 1789?
Lafayette
Aimed to preserve order but gradually lost control to sans-culottes.
What did the Brunswick Manifesto threaten?
Threatened Paris with destruction if harm came to the king
This encouraged radicals to storm the Tuileries and overthrow the monarchy.
What major event occurred in January 1793?
Execution of Louis XVI
This event marked a significant turning point in the revolution.
What was the Law of Suspects (1793)?
Led to widespread arrests during the Reign of Terror
Over 16,000 were officially executed, and up to 40,000 were killed in total.
Who were the sans-culottes?
Urban working-class radicals
They demanded price controls, execution of traitors, and greater democracy.
What did the Cult of the Supreme Being represent?
Quasi-religious state worship introduced by Robespierre
His purges and paranoia eventually alienated former allies.
What economic problems arose due to bad harvests and assignat inflation?
Severe inflation, collapse of confidence in currency, widespread hunger and unrest
Particularly affected cities.
