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Biology 2 > 12-14 Study Words > Flashcards

12-14 Study Words Flashcards

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1
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A

Form larger vessels that unite w/ veins in the thorax

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2
Q

Lymph

A

Fluid inside lymphatic capillaries

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3
Q

Lymphatic veins

A

Similar to veins but thinner; valves prevent back flow

Larger vessels lead to lymph nodes

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4
Q

Lymphatic trunks

A

Drain lymph from lymphatic vessels

Join collecting ducts together

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5
Q

Collecting ducts

A

Empties lymph back into veins

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6
Q

Thoracic duct

A

Larger; receives from lower limbs, abdominal region, left upper portion of head, neck, and trunk
Empties into left subclavian

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7
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

Receives lymph from right side of body

Empties into the right subclavian

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8
Q

Lymph

A

Tissue fluid that has entered the lymphatic system

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9
Q

How does lymph move through vessels since it is under low pressure?

A

Skeletal muscle contractions and breathing; if movement is interfered with tissue builds up and causes swelling and pain

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10
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Composed of cells that travel through vessels, organs, and glands
Remove fluid from interstitial spaces and return to blood stream
Immune response

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11
Q

Blood

A

Mixture of cells
Transports nutrients, oxygen, wastes, & hormones
Distributes heat
Maintains stability of interstitial fluid

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12
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells
Increase surface area for gases to diffuse across the cell
Carry hemoglobin

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13
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Protein that carries oxygen

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14
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Controls the rate of red blood cell formation

Released in response to prolonged oxygen deficiency

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15
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells
Protect against disease and infection
Develop from hemocytoblasts in red marrow

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16
Q

Granulocytes

A

2x the size of red blood cells
12 hour life span
Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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17
Q

Neutrophils

A

c-shaped nucleus
Fine cytoplasmic granules (purple)
Nucleus made of chromatin

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18
Q

Eosinophils

A 
Coarse granules (red)
Nucleus has 2 lobes
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19
Q

Basophils

A

Fewer granules (blue)

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20
Q

Agranulocytes

A

2nd type of white blood cell

Includes monocytes and lymphocytes

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21
Q

Monocytes

A

Come from red marrow
Largest blood cell
Lives for weeks or months

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22
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Round nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm

Can live for years

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23
Q

Plasma

A

Clear portion of blood
Transports nutrients, gases, and vitamins
Regulates fluid and electrolytes
Maintains pH

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24
Q

Leukocyotisis

A

White blood cells >10,000 /m

Means there’s acute infection

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25
Q

Leukopenia

A

White blood cells >5,000 /m

Means flu, aids, chickenpox

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26
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Aka platelets
Not complete cells
Arise from megakaryocytes that shatter

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27
Q

Thrombopoietin

A

Cause megakaryocytes to shatter and develop thrombocytes

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28
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid portion of blood

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29
Q

Plasma proteins

A

Most abundant of dissolved substances in blood

3 types - albumins, globulins, fibrinogen

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30
Q

Albumins

A

Determine osmotic pressure

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31
Q

Globulin

A

Alpha and beta transport lipids

Gamma is a type of antibody

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32
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Blood coagulation

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33
Q

Hemostasis

A

Stoppage of bleeding

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34
Q

Vasospasm

A

Contraction of the smooth muscle in a smaller blood vessel due to cutting or breaking

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35
Q

Coagulation

A

Forms a blood clot

Most effective

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36
Q

Fibrin

A

Insoluble threads of the protein fibrinogen

Major event in blood clot formation

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37
Q

Prothrombin

A

Alpha globulin that turns prothrombin into thrombin

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38
Q

Thrombin

A

Catalyzes a reaction that cuts fibrinogen into pieces of fibrin

39
Q

Thrombus

A

Blood clot abnormally forming in a vessel

40
Q

Embolus

A

A clot that dislodges

41
Q

Agglutination

A

Clumping of red blood cells following a transfusion reaction

42
Q

Antigens

A

Red blood cell surface molecules

43
Q

Antibodies

A

Carried in plasma and react with antigens

44
Q

ABO blood group

A

Based on the presence of two major protein antigens on red blood cell membranes

45
Q

Rh blood group

A

If Rh present the cell is Rh positive

46
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Sends oxygen depleted blood to lungs

47
Q

Systemic circuit

A

Sends oxygen rich blood and nutrients all over the body

48
Q

Systole

A

Contract

49
Q

Diastole

A

Relax

50
Q

Hilum

A

Indented region of the node

51
Q

Afferent vessel

A

Vessels leading to the node

52
Q

Efferent vessels

A

Vessels leaving the node

53
Q

Capsule

A

Connective tissue that encloses each lymph node

54
Q

Lymph nodules

A

Masses of B cells and macrophages in the cortex

55
Q

Lymph sinuses

A

Spaces within a node

56
Q

Arteries

A

Strong, elastic vessels that carry high pressure blood

57
Q

Arterioles

A

Formed as arteries divide

58
Q

Capillaries

A

Smallest blood vessels, one layer of endothelium

59
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Constriction of vessel

60
Q

Vasodilation

A

Vessel relaxes

61
Q

Tunica interna

A

Innermost layer of arteries and veins

62
Q

Tunica media

A

Made of smooth muscle

Middle layer of arteries and veins

63
Q

Tunica externa

A

Connective tissue

Outermost layer of arteries and veins

64
Q

Venules

A

Lead FROM capillaries and FORM veins

65
Q

Veins

A

Flap-like valve

Lower pressure blood

66
Q

systolic pressure

A

contractions

Maximum pressure during ventricular contraction

67
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

Relaxation

lowest pressure that remains in arteries in between ventricular contraction

68
Q

pulse

A

ventricles contract

69
Q

stroke volume

A

volumes of blood discharged from the ventricle with each contraction

70
Q

cardiac output

A

stroke volume X heart rate
blood discharged per minute
BP = CO X PR

71
Q

Blood volume

A

All of the formed elements and plasma

72
Q

Peripheral resistance

A

friction between blood and vessel walls

73
Q

Blood viscosity

A

How easily fluid molecules slide past each other

Peripheral resistance X cardiac output = Blood pressure

74
Q

Lymphatic pathways

A

Begin as lymphatic capillaries

75
Q

Functional syncytium

A

Merging cells that function as a unit

76
Q

Cardiac conduction system

A

System of specialized cardiac muscle fibers that conduct cardiac impulses from the S-A node into the myocardium

77
Q

S-A node

A

Pacemaker

Right atrium

78
Q

A-V node

A

Atrioventricular node
Located in septum
Spreads atrium impulses to the ventricles

79
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

Lead to papillary muscles and cause them to contract to stop back flow
Branch off A-V node

80
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

Recording of electrical changes that occur in the cardiac cycle

81
Q

P wave

A

Depolarization of the atria

82
Q

QRS complex

A

Depolarization of the ventricles

83
Q

T wave

A

Repolarization of the ventricles

84
Q

Thymus

A

Contains lobules

Located anterior to aorta and posterior to top of sternum

85
Q

Lobules (thymus)

A

Contain T lymphocytes

Increase immunity

86
Q

Spleen

A

Structured like lymph nodes but filled with blood instead of lymph
Contains two tissues

87
Q

White pulp

A

Contains lymphocytes

88
Q

Red pulp

A

Contains red blood cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes

89
Q

Pathogen

A

Causes disease

Includes viruses, bacteria, and fungi

90
Q

Infection

A

Caused by pathogens

91
Q

Antigen

A

Can be proteins, polysaccharides, glycoproteins

Surface of cells

92
Q

Haptens

A

Combine with larger molecules

93
Q

Cellular immune response

A

Helper T cell activates cytotoxic T cell which eliminates cells
From memory cells

94
Q

Antibodies

A

Produced by B cells after helper T cells activate them

Biology 2 (4 decks)

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