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Biology 2 > 12-14 Study Words > Flashcards

12-14 Study Words Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A

Form larger vessels that unite w/ veins in the thorax

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2
Q

Lymph

A

Fluid inside lymphatic capillaries

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3
Q

Lymphatic veins

A

Similar to veins but thinner; valves prevent back flow

Larger vessels lead to lymph nodes

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4
Q

Lymphatic trunks

A

Drain lymph from lymphatic vessels

Join collecting ducts together

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5
Q

Collecting ducts

A

Empties lymph back into veins

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6
Q

Thoracic duct

A

Larger; receives from lower limbs, abdominal region, left upper portion of head, neck, and trunk
Empties into left subclavian

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7
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

Receives lymph from right side of body

Empties into the right subclavian

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8
Q

Lymph

A

Tissue fluid that has entered the lymphatic system

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9
Q

How does lymph move through vessels since it is under low pressure?

A

Skeletal muscle contractions and breathing; if movement is interfered with tissue builds up and causes swelling and pain

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10
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Composed of cells that travel through vessels, organs, and glands
Remove fluid from interstitial spaces and return to blood stream
Immune response

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11
Q

Blood

A

Mixture of cells
Transports nutrients, oxygen, wastes, & hormones
Distributes heat
Maintains stability of interstitial fluid

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12
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells
Increase surface area for gases to diffuse across the cell
Carry hemoglobin

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13
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Protein that carries oxygen

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14
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Controls the rate of red blood cell formation

Released in response to prolonged oxygen deficiency

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15
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells
Protect against disease and infection
Develop from hemocytoblasts in red marrow

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16
Q

Granulocytes

A

2x the size of red blood cells
12 hour life span
Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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17
Q

Neutrophils

A

c-shaped nucleus
Fine cytoplasmic granules (purple)
Nucleus made of chromatin

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18
Q

Eosinophils

A 
Coarse granules (red)
Nucleus has 2 lobes
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19
Q

Basophils

A

Fewer granules (blue)

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20
Q

Agranulocytes

A

2nd type of white blood cell

Includes monocytes and lymphocytes

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21
Q

Monocytes

A

Come from red marrow
Largest blood cell
Lives for weeks or months

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22
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Round nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm

Can live for years

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23
Q

Plasma

A

Clear portion of blood
Transports nutrients, gases, and vitamins
Regulates fluid and electrolytes
Maintains pH

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24
Q

Leukocyotisis

A

White blood cells >10,000 /m

Means there’s acute infection

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25
Leukopenia
White blood cells >5,000 /m | Means flu, aids, chickenpox
26
Thrombocytes
Aka platelets Not complete cells Arise from megakaryocytes that shatter
27
Thrombopoietin
Cause megakaryocytes to shatter and develop thrombocytes
28
Plasma
Liquid portion of blood
29
Plasma proteins
Most abundant of dissolved substances in blood | 3 types - albumins, globulins, fibrinogen
30
Albumins
Determine osmotic pressure
31
Globulin
Alpha and beta transport lipids | Gamma is a type of antibody
32
Fibrinogen
Blood coagulation
33
Hemostasis
Stoppage of bleeding
34
Vasospasm
Contraction of the smooth muscle in a smaller blood vessel due to cutting or breaking
35
Coagulation
Forms a blood clot | Most effective
36
Fibrin
Insoluble threads of the protein fibrinogen | Major event in blood clot formation
37
Prothrombin
Alpha globulin that turns prothrombin into thrombin
38
Thrombin
Catalyzes a reaction that cuts fibrinogen into pieces of fibrin
39
Thrombus
Blood clot abnormally forming in a vessel
40
Embolus
A clot that dislodges
41
Agglutination
Clumping of red blood cells following a transfusion reaction
42
Antigens
Red blood cell surface molecules
43
Antibodies
Carried in plasma and react with antigens
44
ABO blood group
Based on the presence of two major protein antigens on red blood cell membranes
45
Rh blood group
If Rh present the cell is Rh positive
46
Pulmonary circuit
Sends oxygen depleted blood to lungs
47
Systemic circuit
Sends oxygen rich blood and nutrients all over the body
48
Systole
Contract
49
Diastole
Relax
50
Hilum
Indented region of the node
51
Afferent vessel
Vessels leading to the node
52
Efferent vessels
Vessels leaving the node
53
Capsule
Connective tissue that encloses each lymph node
54
Lymph nodules
Masses of B cells and macrophages in the cortex
55
Lymph sinuses
Spaces within a node
56
Arteries
Strong, elastic vessels that carry high pressure blood
57
Arterioles
Formed as arteries divide
58
Capillaries
Smallest blood vessels, one layer of endothelium
59
Vasoconstriction
Constriction of vessel
60
Vasodilation
Vessel relaxes
61
Tunica interna
Innermost layer of arteries and veins
62
Tunica media
Made of smooth muscle | Middle layer of arteries and veins
63
Tunica externa
Connective tissue | Outermost layer of arteries and veins
64
Venules
Lead FROM capillaries and FORM veins
65
Veins
Flap-like valve | Lower pressure blood
66
systolic pressure
contractions | Maximum pressure during ventricular contraction
67
Diastolic pressure
Relaxation | lowest pressure that remains in arteries in between ventricular contraction
68
pulse
ventricles contract
69
stroke volume
volumes of blood discharged from the ventricle with each contraction
70
cardiac output
stroke volume X heart rate blood discharged per minute BP = CO X PR
71
Blood volume
All of the formed elements and plasma
72
Peripheral resistance
friction between blood and vessel walls
73
Blood viscosity
How easily fluid molecules slide past each other | Peripheral resistance X cardiac output = Blood pressure
74
Lymphatic pathways
Begin as lymphatic capillaries
75
Functional syncytium
Merging cells that function as a unit
76
Cardiac conduction system
System of specialized cardiac muscle fibers that conduct cardiac impulses from the S-A node into the myocardium
77
S-A node
Pacemaker | Right atrium
78
A-V node
Atrioventricular node Located in septum Spreads atrium impulses to the ventricles
79
Purkinje fibers
Lead to papillary muscles and cause them to contract to stop back flow Branch off A-V node
80
Electrocardiogram
Recording of electrical changes that occur in the cardiac cycle
81
P wave
Depolarization of the atria
82
QRS complex
Depolarization of the ventricles
83
T wave
Repolarization of the ventricles
84
Thymus
Contains lobules | Located anterior to aorta and posterior to top of sternum
85
Lobules (thymus)
Contain T lymphocytes | Increase immunity
86
Spleen
Structured like lymph nodes but filled with blood instead of lymph Contains two tissues
87
White pulp
Contains lymphocytes
88
Red pulp
Contains red blood cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes
89
Pathogen
Causes disease | Includes viruses, bacteria, and fungi
90
Infection
Caused by pathogens
91
Antigen
Can be proteins, polysaccharides, glycoproteins | Surface of cells
92
Haptens
Combine with larger molecules
93
Cellular immune response
Helper T cell activates cytotoxic T cell which eliminates cells From memory cells
94
Antibodies
Produced by B cells after helper T cells activate them

Biology 2 (4 decks)

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