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Question 1

What are the functions of the three main accessory organs of the digestive system?

Answer 1

Liver produces
bile which emulsifies fats; gallbladder stores and concentrates bile; pancreas produces juices with digestive enzymes; salivary glands produce digestive enzymes and antimicrobials

Question 2

What product do we obtain from digestion and absorption that is necessary for ATP production in
cells?

Answer 2

Glucose

Question 3

Describe how kidneys filter blood and form urine.

Answer 3

Afferent arteriole delivers blood to glomerulus,
which is a capillary bed for filtration. Blood exits glomerulus via efferent arteriole and enters
peritubular capillaries, which weave along the renal tubules, before exiting the kidney via cortical radiate vein. Filtrate removed from the blood at the glomerulus diffuses into the capsular space of the Bowman’s capsule, then enters into the proximal convoluted tubule, then loop of Henle, then distal convoluted tubule, and empties into the collecting duct as urine. Filtrate exchange happens between the peritubular capillaries and all portions of the renal tubule; PCT: most reabsorption occurs here, loop of Henle: permeable only to water (descending) and electrolytes (ascending), DCT: permeable to water and salt. Filtrate empties into the collecting duct, then is excreted as urine

Question 4

What is glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion?

Answer 4

Glomerular filtration:
filters out most small substances in blood due to hydrostatic pressure. Tubular reabsorption:
selective substances move from tubule to capillaries to remain in body. Tubular secretion: selective substances move from capillaries to tubule to be excreted in urine

Question 5

What is contained within the formed elements of blood and the plasma of blood?

Answer 5

Formed elements
contain WBC’s, RBC’s, and thrombocytes; plasma contains water, proteins, nutrients, etc.

Question 6

What are the two sphincters that control urination? Which is voluntary?

Answer 6

Internal urethral sphincter is involuntary, and the external urethral sphincter is voluntary

Question 7

What are gametes?

Answer 7

Sex cells, eggs and sperm

Question 8

What are the gonads for females and males?

Answer 8

Male gonads are the testes, female gonads are the ovaries

Question 9

What is the site of fertilization in a female?

Answer 9

Oviduct (aka: fallopian tube, uterine tube)

Question 10

What hormone induces ovulation?

Answer 10

Luteinizing hormone

Question 11

What is spermatogenesis?

Answer 11

Production of sperm cells

Question 12

What is oogenesis?

Answer 12

Production of egg cells