12/01/18 Flashcards
How many industrial enterprises closed unde rlenin to move towards communism
570
What caused unemployment under Lenin
WW2 withdraw
Compulsory labour what was it
Any able man 16-50 could not refuse employment 1918
How much labour force unemployed in 1924
18%
What happened under NEP to inspire productivity?
Wage differentials
What did Lenin discourage
Arteli
Why did people not go to labour exchanges
To not get a job they didn’t like
When was full employment announced
1939
How many workers from 1928-37
11.6 mil- 27mil
What meant every labour source was used?
Excessive production targets
When was there a labour shortage
1932
Low productivity figure
In 1927 average soviet worker produced half that of a British worker
When was passport system introduced
1933
By 1937 what percent of people changed jobs
30% every quarter of the year
What did passport restriction cause
Absenteeism
When was absenteeism a criminal offence
1939
When we’re wage differentials increased under Stalin
1931
Why did wage differentials under Stalin mean nothing
They couldn’t spend it
What else did Stalin use to incentivise productivity
Medals
How many labour inmates where there in 1953
2.5 million
Who experience unemployment with Khrushchev
Graduates and seasons workers
When was the working week reduced and what else?
1957, increased paid holiday time
What was bad about fill emploemeny
No job satisfaction
When was minimum wage introduced and why was it not always great and why was it great?
1956 no one below poverty line, still couldn’t support fam
Under Brezhnev real wages rose by what and when
50% 1967-77
What were wage differentials under Brezhnev
Good, low enough to not be excessive in quality
What did Lenin do to solve housing issues
Took houses from rich and divided up and gave to poor
What was not good about housing with Lenin
Party officials got better housing. Not enough housing
How did the Moscow population increase under Stalin
2.2 mil 1929-4.1 mil 1936 caused considerable strain on housing
What did people live in during industrialising and building new cities?
Mud hits, tents and actual factories
Percentage of rented housing with more than one room and when
6% 1936
During WW2 how much of Stalingrad lost
90% if it’s housing
Under Khrushchev housing programme increased what to what ?
Annual housing space provided by gov, almost 400 million square metres 1961
Khrushchev slum Russian name
Khrushchoby
What did Brezhnev do for housing?
Investment into agriculture mean some money used for rural housing
How many killed by what disease and when
Life spread typhus 1918-20 6 million
What did Lenin do about cholera.
Compulsory vaccination programme
What did Lenin do about lice spread typhus?
Increased training places for doctors
Under Stalin what did he do for health care?
Paid attention to sanitation but not really. Thanks to Lenin more doctors. Number of hospital beds tripled 1928-39
Under Khrushchev 4 things on health care
Poly clinics provided all purpose health care
Sanitation taken seriously
Increased health care provision
Problem with quality not quantity
How many sanitoria and when
1978 2,000
Wrong with health care under Khrushchev and Brezhnev
Equipment outdated
Hospitals had no heating and running water 1988
Lenin social benefits
-work cards so public transport
Ration cards
Paid disability maternity unemployment. Benefits
How many people did Lenin cover with paid benefits
9 million
How many ration cards held at height
22 million
Bad about Lenin social benefits
Peasants did not receive
By 1933 most soviet citizens had access to what
Electricity
How did Stalin restrict workers complaints
Shut trade unions
How did Stalin increase working week
Only allowed one day off every other day
Canteen meals under Stalin
Factories and farms supposed to provide meals due to food shortages animal feed and rotten food used to supplement. 1947 communal meals would cost half a workers wage
What created inequality in receiving benefits under Stalin
Party first policy
By 1953 what did the average soviet citizen have
A job, housing and basic social services but rural life was almost primitive
Who did not get rations under Lenin and Stalin
Peasants
9th five year plan, when, who, targets were what
1971-75 higher targets for consumer goods than heavy industry although targets were not met but significant improvement
1950-80 what increased and by how much
State welfare spending by 5 food
1956 pension scheme for who and did it help
For old disabled and sick, retirement age reduced however pensions were insufficient and so many worked past the retirement age
Evidence that conditions were still awful under Khrushchev
Industrial centre in Kazakhstan in 1959 so appalled by lack of clean water, food and living conditions they set the canteen on fire and hung their local police chief
Under Brezhnev what was good with social benefits
Peasants finally received pension
Consumer goods focus
When did incomes of collective farmers increase
1966
In 1970 how much were rural workers wages compared to urban workers
10% less than urban
How many alcoholics and when
20 million 1987
Example of instability (train)
1977 bomb on Moscow metro killed several in terrorist arrack
Other instability (youth)
Hooliganism so course on principles of soviet law was set up to educate youth
1917 what was given to women
Vote, equal pay, right to work
Who was in charge of the branch of the central committee in charge of women’s status and what was it called
Alexandra Kollontai
Zhenotdel
In 1918 what was declared and how true was it
Equality, attitudes were slow to change and policies slow to be implemented
Family code 1918 did what
Divorce easier
Abortion legal
Impact from easy divorce under Lenin and figures
Should help women out of abusive relationships, 70% initiated by men, women abandoned with children
Abortions compared to live births number
Abortion became contraception. Outnumbered live births 3:1
When we’re post card divorces introduced and impact
1926, in 1920s Russia has highest divorce rate in Europe. Breakup of families created orphan problem
How many women in red army during civil war
70,000 few held high ranks
How many recruited into factories in civil war and bad part
Millions. Childcare inadequate
What happened when men came back
Women expected to give up jobs
Subsequent famine left women homeless and destitute -> rise in prostitution
Campaign against unveiling of women when and what did it involve?
1927, young female activist educated on hygiene and contraception. Attack in male dominated polygamous Central Asia.
Successes of campaign for unveiling of women
Islamic women had more opportunities
Failures for campaigning of women
Met with violence such as honour killings. Zhentodel meeting in Baku attack’s by Muslim men with dogs
When and why was zhenotdel shit down
1930, claimed women’s issues were solved, male dominated party reflection
Effect of collectivisation on women
Men left farms and abandoned women and children. Up until 1959 could find entire villages of women. Lack of livestock meant women pulled ploughs themselves
Number of female workers rising numbers
3 million 1928- 13 million 1940
What did women dominate
Light industry
Women in higher education
20% places reserved, 14% already held
1940 40% engineering students were women
Women in party
16% female part members1932
How many women served in armed forces in WW2
800,000
By 1950 what were women expected to do?
Work and look after children
What was bad in 1936 great retreat
- divorce expensive 4-50 roubles
- abortion outlawed
- divorce harder bad for abusive relationships
What was good in 1936 great retreat
Pregnant women guaranteed job security
Maternity leave extended to 16 weeks
Prison sentences for men who did not pay for upkeep of children although not enforced
Strengthening of family took place when and what did it entail?
- Tax on singles. Divorce more complicated. Mother heroine awards for 10+ children
What doubled from 1928-30
Nursery places
Who was the first woman in space and when
1963 Valentina Tereshkova
By 1960 how much of the work force was female
49%
What did Khrushchev extend to the countryside
Maternity benefits and health care
How did Khrushchev relieve financial pressure on families
Increased provisions of social benefits ; housing, maternity arrangement, child care and health care
When was abortion legalised again
1955
Who did Brezhnev dismiss and when
First female full candidate o the presidium Furtseva, who was a favourite of Khrushchev 1964
What did the new family code say and when was it made
1968
Couples had to give a months notice before marriage
Illegal to divorce a pregnant woman or a woman who had given birth in the last year
Divorce rates under Brezhnev and why
1/3 marriages ended in divorce, often a consequence of alcoholism
What was discussed due to population growth decline
Birth incentives
What was the commissariat for education called and when was it established
Narkompros 1917
What were taken over in 1918
Church schools
Illiteracy and uneducated figures under tsar
64% illiterate
88% rural kids did not finish primary education
What was launched by the bolsheviks in 1917
Ambitious programme to provide free compulsory education for all ages 7-17
Lack of resources during civil war figure
1 pencil to 60 students
Why did people not want to be teachers
Low status and badly paid
Quota system
1929 70% if higher education places allocated to people of working class origin, 70% drop out rate
1919 what campaign
Liquidation of illiteracy
What were set up to eradicate illiteracy
Liquidation points in towns and rural areas 1920-26 5 mil attended
Rabfaki in factories
Red army recruits had to attend literacy classes
What was the literacy league magazine called
Down With Illiteracy
How many in compulsory education in 1931?
Over 20 million
How many schools destroyed in WW2
82,000
When was the quota system abolished.
1935
1939 literacy levels
94% urban 86% rural
Why was there chaos in schools in the 1930s
Some thought schools should reflect socialist society and education strayed from tradition. Cultural revolution bought chaos into schools
What did Stalin have in 1936 great retreat for education
Traditional education and academic learning
How was education used by Stalin
Rewrote history in his favour
Indoctrinated children
Textbooks censored
Russification of ethnic minorities as everything taught in Russian
Children ages 10-14 went into what and what did they do
Pioneers. Promised love to country Lenin and communist party
Komsomol other name, who for and what for
Teens and young adults aged 14-28 young communist league.
Volunteers called upon to build industrial centres in first 3 five year plans
Equality in education
Girls and boys taught the same
Who taught science wrong
Lysenko
Literacy rates in 1959
99% urban 98% rural. Figures often overstated
Khrushechevs expansion of higher education
By 1964 1/2 a million studying part time
Increased opportunities for adult drop outs with 2 milllion attending courses
Khrushchev use of Komsomol
Used volunteers for virgin lands scheme
Destabilisation effect on education
History books rewritten to remove favourable connections with Stalin’s name
Khrushchevs failed education ideas
Focus on technological and vocational skills and knowledge. Dropped by Brezhnev reverted back to traditional academics
Komosomol membership
1982 40 million
Brezhnev interpretation of history
Removed any mention of Stalin, gulags and the 1932 famine
Adult education under Brezhnev
Extensive programme which was supported by tv and radio in the 1980s
What increased under Khrushchev that showed there were more sonsumer goods?
Per capita consumption annual increase at 3.8%
