1.1.6/7 - ID and DP

Question 1

ID - obedience

Answer 1

• Personality - Adorno suggests that the authoritarians personality is developed in childhood due to harsh parenting to ensure obedience. Creates heat and resentment towards parents which is repressed and displaced until we can members of society such as minorities. This type of personality maintains respect and are submissive to authority – obedient to those in power
  S - those with opposite traits are more resistant to obedience e.g. Elms Noted from exit interviews in Milgram study that those and caring jobs e.g. teachers showed less obedience than those in tech jobs e.g. engineers
  S - those who were more obedient tended to have authoritarian personalities e.g. finding the experimenter add mirable and were there for more likely to obey orders given by those considered to have a high status
  S - rotter claimed that people can be categorized into having an internal or external locus of control. Those with an internal locus of control take responsibility for their actions more than people with an external locus of control. Therefore they are more likely to exhibit independent behavior and would be less obedient
• Culture -
  W - Milgram and others have used many participants in obedience studies and have consistently found a great deal of obedience across many cultures therefore suggests the theory is too simplistic and it is unlikely that personality alone causes increased levels of obedience
  W (not personality) - Catholics show increased obedience than all the religious groups and those with more years in education tend to her BLS. Therefore suggests other factors such as upbringing rather than personality affects degree to which people are obedient to authority figures
• Gender - Women have more empathy so are therefore less likely to be obedient
  W - Burgers study showed 73% of women shocked to 150V When only 65% of men did
• Buffer - N Milgram study the participants were more obedient and conditions where there was a wall in the way so they couldn’t hear or see the victim receiving shocks. Therefore they were not aware of the full effects of their actions and it was easier to give responsibility to the authority figure
• Foot in the door - in Milgram study participants were asked to deliver a 15 V initial shock and gradually increased and 15 V increments rather than shocking to 450 V immediately. Therefore showing gradual commitment is important because after starting at milder shocks, severe shock seemed fine as it was only a small increase in voltage from the last shock due to the foot in the door effect
• Experience - an electrician in Milgram study refused to follow orders to shock Mr. Wallace as he was aware of the danger of high voltages. Therefore showing that those with experience take responsibility for their actions and or less likely to follow harmful orders

Question 2

DP - obedience

Answer 2

• Experience - an electrician in Milgram study refused to follow orders to shock Mr. Wallace as he was aware of the danger of high voltages. Therefore showing that those with experience take responsibility for their actions and or less likely to follow harmful orders
• Experience/Gender
  S - experiences in childhood may be responsible for different levels of obedience between males and females eg SLT suggests that boys and girls are awarded for different kinds of behavior e.g. boys are awarded more for being dominant or independent than girls
• Culture - Obedience changes as we get older due to processes of socialization and learning social norms, acquiring belief values and attitudes of our culture. We learn how to behave and fit in and to be accepted in society. We gain influence from parents, teachers, peers, religion and the media and through the sources we learn about our culture
  S - Milgram’s agency theory suggests that we are socialized from a young age to follow the orders of authority figures and without socialization to teach children how to actually a Gentic state, society will descend into chaos. Therefore shows culture that a person is born into and their type of socialization the experience will affect levels of obedience
• Personality - Adorno suggests that the authoritarians personality is developed in childhood due to harsh parenting to ensure obedience. Creates heat and resentment towards parents which is repressed and displaced until we can members of society such as minorities. This type of personality maintains respect and are submissive to authority – obedient to those in power 
  W - Kohlberg suggests children aged 4 to 10 have an unquestioning deference to authority which changes with age until early adulthood when some people develop a increased universal sense of right and wrong and no longer defy to authority if they question orders. Therefore suggests environmental effects have an influence on obedience levels but that these are static overtime and other influences such as personality has a role