1.1.3 Specialised Cells Flashcards
Sperms function
Fertilisation and contain genetic material for the male parent
Sperm adaptations (3p)
- Long tail to swim
-Contain mitochondria to transfer energy needed for the tail
-Aerosome stores digestive enzymes to break down outer layer off the egg
Nerve function (2p)
-Carry electric impulses around the body
- Provide a rapid communication system
Nerve adaptations (4p)
- Dentrites to make connections to other nerve cells
- Axon carries nerve impulses
- Nerve endings are adapted to pass impulses to another cell or between a nerve cell
- Contain lots of mitochondria to provide energy
Muscle cell function
They contract and relax in pairs to moves bone so vertebrae can move on land or fly
Muscle cell adaptations (3p)
-Contain special proteins that slide over each other making fibre contact
- contain mitochondria to transfer energy needed for chemical reactions
- Store glycogen to be used in cellular respiration by mitochondria to transfer energy needed for fibres to contract
Red blood cell function
Carry oxygen
Red blood cell adaptations (3p)
-They have bioconcave to increase surface area to volume ratio
- They contain a red pigment, haemoglobin, that binds to oxygen
- They have no nucleus to make space for oxygen
Root hair cell function
Makes it easier for plants to dissolve mineral ions and water
Root hair cell adaptations (3p)
- Increase surface area for water to move into cell
- Large permanent vacuole to speed up movement of water by osmosis from the soil to root hair cell
- Multiple mitochondria that transfer the energy for active transport of mineral ions
Palisade cell function
Carry out photosynthesis
Palisade cell adaptations (3p)
- Contain chloroplast to trap light needed for photosynthesis
- positioned on the outer layers of leaves and the stem of plants so they absorb as much light as possible
- Large permanent vacuole to help keep the cell rigid as a result of osmosis
Xylem cell function (2p)
- Carries water and minerals from the root to the highest leaves
- Support the plant
Xylem cell function (2p)
Spirals and rings in the xylem cells make the cells very strong
- Also, they help them withstand the pressure of water moving up the plant
Phloem function
Carries food made by photosynthesis around the body
Phloem adaptations (3p)
- Supported by companion cells which keep them alive
- Mitochondria transfers energy needed to move dissolved food up nd down the plant
- cell walls break down to form seive plates which allows water, carrying dissolved food, to move freely up and down tubes to where it is needed
Guard cell function
Used to open and close the stomata
Guard cell adaptations (3p)
- Arranged in pairs
- The cell wall closest to the stomata is thicker and less flexible
- The cell wall on the outermost edge is thinner and the most flexible
