11.3 Flashcards
Define ‘risk’ in terms of health (3)
(1) a measure of the probability
(2) that damage to health
(3) will occur as a result of a given hazard
What are the 2 elements that are a part of the concept of risk? (2)
(1) the probability that a hazardous event will occur
(2) the consequences of that hazardous event
Is risk about probability or certainty? (1)
probability
Risk can be measured as a value that ranges from 0% to 100%. What do both numbers indicate? (2)
0 = no harm will occur
100 = harm will certainly occur
Risks need a TIMESCALE. Give an example. (2)
(1) every one of us will die sometime.
(2) to state that their risk of dying in the next month is 100% has an altogether different meaning.
Smokers are 15 times more likely to develop lung cancer than non-smokers.
Give other factors that may contribute to developing lung cancer. (4)
any 4 of:
- alcohol intake
- age
- genetics
- gender
- pollution
- stress levels
- occupation
What are the 2 types of tumors? (2)
(1) benign (harmless)
(2) malignant (cancerous - more likely to metastasize)
What are the 2 main causal factors of cancer (possibly, not always) that are not within our control? (2)
- age
- genetics
_________ factors are factors that cause cancer. (1)
carcinogenic
Describe the specific lifestyle factors that increase the chances of having cancer (5)
(1) smoking - breathing tobacco smoke
(2) diet - specifically high fat, low Fibre, less fruits and vegetables increases the risk of cancer
(3) obesity - being overweight Inc the chance
(4) physical activity - little or no exercise Inc the chance
(5) sunlight - more you’re exposed to sunlight, the greater the risk of skin cancer
When you design an experiment, what 4 things do you have to include in the study’s design to make results reliable & valid? (4)
(1) has to be longitudinal
(2) investigate ONE factor only (and control other variables)
(3) very big sample size
(4) meta-analysis - scientists combine relevant small & large studies
When does cancer occur? (3)
(1) cell divides too many times
(2) and the process is out of control
(3) causing the cells to grow abnormally
What is the cause of CHD? (2)
(1) the thickening of arteries
(2) because of the build-up of fatty plaques on the inside walls
— (this is ATHEROSCLEROSIS) —
What does atherosclerosis lead to? (2)
(1) reduced blood supply to the heart muscle
(2) so the muscles respire less
What are the 3 main causal factors of CHD (possibly, not always) that are not within our control? (3)
(1) age
(2) gender
(3) genetics
Describe the specific lifestyle factors that increase the chances of having CHD (6)
(1) smoking - smokers are between 2 to 6 times more likely to develop CHD
(2) high blood pressure - stress, bad diet & lack of exercise inc BP
(3) blood cholesterol - the higher, the worse the situation is
(4) obesity - a BMI of 25 > is not good
(5) diet - high conc of salt & high levels of saturated fatty acids
(6) physical activity - less of it = higher chance
What are the 7 ways to reduce the risk of cancer & CHD? (7)
(1) giving up / not taking up smoking
(2) avoiding becoming overweight
(3) reducing salt intake
(4) reducing intake of cholesterol & saturated fats
(5) regular aerobic exercise
(6) keeping alcohol consumptions within safe limits
(7) increasing the intake of dietary fibers & antioxidants
In what 3 ways would 30 minutes of brisk exercise each day reduce your chances of developing CHD? (3)
(1) lowering BP
(2) lowering blood cholesterol
(3) reducing the risk of obesity
A friend asks how she can change her diet to live longer. What advice would you give her? (5)
(1) drink less alcohol
(2) eat more fruits & vegetables
(3) reduce salt intake
(4) eat less red & processed meat
(5) reduce calorie intake if obese
