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113 Flashcards

1
Q

Building block of RT undertanding abt matter &ionizing rad

A

Atom

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2
Q

Indivisible

A

Atomos

Greek 500bc

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3
Q

Cant b broken down ny further & us seprsted from each othr by an empty space

A

Atom

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4
Q

Smallest particle tha has poperties of an element

A

Atom

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5
Q

Much smaller than atom

A

Subatomic particles

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6
Q

“Evrythin is made up of atom

A

Democritus

Greek

500bc

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7
Q

All matter are composed of 4 subs &modifid by 4 essence

A

Aritotle

Earth water fire air

Wet dry hot cold

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8
Q

Diff ypes of spheres kight make up the diff elements

A

Atoms as solid spheres

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9
Q

Composed of identical atoms & could be classifid accdg to integral values of mass

A

Elments

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10
Q

Wherein particular size & # of eyes re diff for ech elemt

A

Eye and hook affair

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11
Q

Elements- identical atomz similar in looks, construction & rxn

But differ from atoms of other elements

A

Compound

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12
Q

Eye and hook affair

A

John dalton

1808

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13
Q

1st perodic table

A

Dmitri mendeleev

1869

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14
Q

Arranged in icrease atomic mss -soed then-known elements in 8 grps

A

Perioic table

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15
Q

Det by the placement of electrons in each atom same grpings (similar physica prop & chem rxn)

A

Elmntal grpins

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16
Q

Diff grps in periodic table

A

GROUP I :ALKALI METALS =soft metals w/ oxygen; violently reax h20

GROUP VII: HALOGENS= EASIly VPORZED w metal =water soluble salts

GROUP VIII: NOBLE GASES =H. resistant to rx w oher elem

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17
Q

Sir Willim crookes

A

1870

Cthode ray tube & tv

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18
Q

Xray developed

A

1896

William roentgen

Certain elem glowed when exposed to catjode rays

Rays no deflected by magnetc field from crt

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19
Q

Electrons

concluded that e were an integral part of an atom while investigating prop of cathode rays (electrons)

A

1897 JOSEPH JOHN (JJ) THOMPSON

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20
Q

prop of PLUM PUDDING MODEL

explain

A

plum = - charge
pudding = mass of + charge

neutral = e- = p+

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21
Q

EARLY QUANTUM THEORY DEVELOPED

A

1900
MAX PLANCK

EM ENERGY = EMIT AS QUANTIZED FORM

(QUANTA =) PHOTON)

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22
Q

NATURE OF LIGHT

A

1905
ALBERT EINSTEIN

  • special and general theories of relativity
  • hypothesizes about the particle nature of light.

= basis of nuclear energy.

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23
Q

Robert Millikan
(1908-1917)

A

measured Charge of a single electron ( elementary charge ==fundamental physical
constants.)

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24
Q

Structure of an atom developed: NUCLEAR MODEL

A

ERNEST RUTHERFORD
1911

NUCLEUS = MUO PROTONS
CLOUS OF E = AROUND NUCLEUS

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25
Q

OTHER TERM FOR NUCLEAR MODEL

A

PLANETARY MODEL

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26
Q

FATHER OF NUCLEAR P6

A

ERNEST RUTHERFORD

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27
Q

Bohr atomic model

A

Niels Bohr, a Danish scientist,
1913

electrons traveling in orbits around the nucleus

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28
Q

He also integrated the Planck
quantum theory,

A

Niels Bohr,
1913

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29
Q

EXPLAIN
Planck quantum theory

A

when electrons change orbits, they
emit a quantum of discrete energy.

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30
Q

OTHER TERM FOR Bohr atomic model

A

Miniature Solar
System.

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31
Q

WHAT PREVENTS E- FROM COLLAPSING

A

ORBITS

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32
Q

Math describes electron changes

A

Erwin Shrodinger
1926

Schrodinger equation = described how electrons move in waveform / how the
quantum state of a system changes with time.

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33
Q

neutron discovered

A

1932
James Chadwick

the neutron component of the atomic
nucleus

explaining the nuclear fission of uranium 235

= possible to produce elements heavier than uranium in the lab.

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34
Q

Nuclear fission developed

A

1938
Otto Hahn

the father of nuclear chemistry,

discovers nuclear fission W Lise Meitner.

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35
Q

Nuclear medicine and I-131

A

1951
Glenn Seaborg,

discoveries of the transuranium elements = advances in nuclear medicine == devt of I-131 for thyroid disease

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36
Q

Elementary particles smaller than the atom Murray Gell

A

1964
Mann + George Zweig

quark model = elementary particles have no
substructure == can’t be split

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37
Q

Modern Atomic Theory

A

20th Century

Schrodinger, Heisenberg, Einstein, and many other scientists

electrons do not orbit the nucleus

move at high speeds in an electron cloud around the nucleus. = not random patterns;

E- LOC DEP ON ITS ENERGY

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38
Q

UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE

A

IMPOSSIBLE TO PINPOINT LOC+ SPEED

== QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL OF AN ATOM

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39
Q

FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES

A

ELECTRON
PROTON
NUCLEUS

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40
Q

Unit of measure used to identify the size of an atomic particle that is so small.

A

Atomic mass units (amu)

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41
Q

1 AMU =

A

one-twelfth of the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

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42
Q

A system of whole number that is used when precision is not necessary.

A

Atomic mass numbers

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43
Q

FORMULA Atomic mass numbers

A

“A,= “protons+neturons.”

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44
Q

particles contained in the nucleus of an atom,

A

Nucleons (protons and neutrons.)

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45
Q

T/F
“The atom is essentially empty space.”

A

T

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46
Q

ELECTRON

CHARGE
MASS
ATOMIC MASS #
AMU
LOC

A
  • 9.109 X 10-31 KG
    0
    0.000549
    SHELL
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47
Q

PROTON

CHARGE
MASS
ATOMIC MASS #
AMU
LOC

A

+
1
1.673 X10-27 KG
1
1.00728

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48
Q

NEUTRON

CHARGE
MASS
ATOMIC MASS #
AMU
LOC

A

0
1.675 X 10-27
1
1.00678 AMU

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49
Q

circles where the
electrons orbit is

A

energy levels or shells.

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50
Q

WHICH ORBIT HAS THE HIGHEST ENERGY LEVEL

A

E- in the outermost circles have higher
energy

= more effort to pull the E a greater
distance from the nucleus.

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51
Q

The value of n

A

principal
quantum number

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52
Q

REMOVAL / ADDITION OF E-

A

IONIZATION

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53
Q

RELN OF ENERGY LEVEL AND # OF E-

A

DIRECT

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54
Q

final location where electrons
reside.

A

Orbitals

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55
Q

ENERGY NEEDED FOR IONIZATION

A

34 eV

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56
Q

-det the chemical element and the behavior of
an atom

A

of protons

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57
Q

center-seeking force.

A

Centripetal force

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58
Q

The force that
keeps an electron in orbit.

A

Centripetal force

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59
Q

flying-out-from-the-center force.

A

Centrifugal Force

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60
Q

The force that causes an electron to travel
straight and leave the atom.

A

Centrifugal Force

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61
Q

The strength of the attachment of an electron to the nucleus.

A

Electron Binding Energy

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62
Q

alphabetic abbreviations of an element

A

Chemical Symbols

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63
Q

det the chemical properties of an element

A

& Arrangement of Electrons

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64
Q

-Number of Protons
-Symbol: Z

A

Atomic number

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65
Q

protons + neutrons
-Symbol: A

A

Atomic Mass Number

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66
Q

-Upper Left:

A

atomic mass (A)

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67
Q

-Lower Left:

A

atomic number (Z)

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68
Q

-Upper Right:

A

valence state (+/-)

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69
Q

-Lower Right:

A

of atoms/molecules

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70
Q

T/F

“The atomic number & the precise mass of an atom are equal!”

A

F

NOT EQUAL

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71
Q

smallest unit of a
compound.

A

Molecules

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72
Q

Any quantity of one type of molecule.

A

Chemical Compound

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73
Q

chemical union between atoms
formed by sharing one or more pairs of
electrons.

A

Covalent Bond

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74
Q

> The bonding that occurs because of
an electrostatic force between ions

A

Ionic Bond

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75
Q

-The primary constituents of the x-ray tube target

A

Tungsten (W-74) & Molybdenum (Mo-42)

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76
Q

-Radiographic & fluoroscopic contrast agents

A

Barium (Ba-56) & Iodine (I-53)

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77
Q

-The important component of human tissue

A

Carbon (C-6)

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78
Q

-The amount of energy (34 keV) necessary to ionize tissue atoms

A

Ionization Potential

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79
Q

T/F

“The smallest particle of an element is an atom; the smallest particle of a compound is a
molecule!”

A

T

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80
Q

the force that holds all the objects onto the Earth.

A

GRAVITATIONAL FORCE

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81
Q

force of attraction between all masses in the Universe,

ADDING MOTION TO UNIVEFRSE
CREATNG ENERGY

A

GRAVITATIONAL FORCE

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82
Q

gravitational acceleration on Earth

A

9.8m/s^2

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83
Q

gravitational acceleration on MOON

A

1.6m/s^2.

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84
Q

PROPERTIES OF GRAV FORCE

A

long-range

strength of only about 10^(−38) times

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85
Q

APPEARS IN β-
decay of a nucleus.

A

Weak Nuclear Force

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86
Q

β-decay,

A

nucleus emits an e- & uncharged particle called the neutrino.

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87
Q

PROPERTIES OF NUCLEAR FORCE

A

WEAKER < NF & EMF

RANGE: 10-16 M

ALLOW FUSION OF P+N == DEUTERIUM === SUN

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88
Q

FX OF NUCLEAR FORCE

A

CONVERT P TO N = RELEASING RADN

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89
Q

the force that causes the interaction
between electrically charged particles.

force b/n charged particles.

can be attractive or repulsive.

A

Electromagnetic Force

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90
Q

FORCE GIVEN WHEN CHARGE @ REST

A

Coulomb’s law: ATTRACTION AND REPULSION

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91
Q

PROP / FX OF EMF

A

LONG RANGE

BIND ATOMS / MOL TO FORM= MATTER

GEN LIGHT

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92
Q

strong, attractive force between nucleons in the atomic nucleus that holds
the nucleus together.

binds protons and neutrons in a nucleus.

strongest of all fundamental force

responsible for the stability of nuclei.

A

Strong Nuclear Force

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93
Q

PROP & FX OF STRONG NF

A

charge-independent.
short-range force.
dependent on the spin of the nuclei.

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94
Q

emission of particles & energy to become stable

A

Radioactivity

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95
Q

Radioactive DecaY

A

nucleus spontaneously emits particles & energy &transforms itself into another atom to reach stability

nucleus contains too few or too many neutrons.

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96
Q

OTHER TERM FOR Radioactive Decay

A

Radioactive Disintegration

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97
Q

Radioactive atoms that have the same number of protons

A

Radioisotopes

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98
Q

Two primary sources of naturally occurring radioisotopes

A

Uranium (U-92) & Carbon-14

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99
Q

TYPES OF IONIZING RADIATION

A

Particulate and Electromagnetic

: Mass, Energy, Velocity, Charge & Origin

Particulate Radiation

;alpha & beta Particles

Electromagnetic Radiation

; x-rays & gamma

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100
Q

Alpha Particle

A

2 protons & 2 neutrons
o Symbol: α
o Mass: 4 amu
o Charge: +2
o Origin: nucleus of heavy radioactive nuclei
o Energy: 4-7 MeV
o Range: 1-10 cm (air); <0.1 mm (soft tissue)
o Ionization Rate: 40,000 atoms/cm

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101
Q

Beta Particle

A

Light particles
▪ Symbol: β- or β+
▪ Mass: 0 amu
▪ Charge: -1 or +1
▪ Origin: nucleus of radioactive nuclei
▪ Energy: 0-7 MeV
▪ Range: 10-100 cm (air); 1-2 cm (soft tissue)
▪ Ionization Rate: several hundred of atoms/cm

102
Q

same with electrons, they only differ in origin

A

Negative Beta Particles

103
Q

The same mass with electrons
o Positrons
o Antimatter

A

Positive Beta Particles

104
Q

often called photons
▪ It has unlimited range in matter

A

EMR

105
Q

Photons

A

No mass & no charge
o Travel at the speed of light (c)
o c: 3 x 108 m/s or 1.86 x 105 mi/s

106
Q

“X-rays and gamma rays are the only forms of ionizing electromagnetic radiation of radiologic interest!”

A

T

107
Q

X-rays

A

Symbol: X
o Mass: 0
o Charge: 0
Origin: electron cloud
o Energy: 0-25 MeV
o Range: 0-100 m (air); 0-30 cm (soft tissue)
o Ionization Rate: 100 ip/cm (equal to beta particles)

108
Q

Gamma Rays

A

Symbol: γ
o Mass: 0
o Charge: 0
o Origin: nucleus/radioactive nuclei
o Energy: 0-5 MeV
o Range: 0-100 m (air); 0-30 cm (soft tissue)
o Ionization Rate: 100 ip/cm (equal to beta particles)

109
Q

Number of neutrons exceeds the protons
* Have both odd Z and N

A

Stable Nuclides

110
Q

Modes of Decay

A

ALPHA DECAY : nuclei too large to be stable. (-4 -2)

BETA MINUS DECAY: nuclides too large for stability (+1 -0) = positron and antineutrino

BETA PLUS DECAY: nuclides too small for stability. (-1, 0 ) = positron and neutrino

ELECTRON CAPTURE: E- +P = neutron and neutrino === EMIT NEUTRINO AND XRAY

GAMMA RAY EMISSION: EXCITED NUCLEI - DECAY - 10 KEV - 5 MEV GAMMA RAY

111
Q

FX OF GRAVITATIONAL FORCE

A

-Adding motion to the Universe
Creating energy

112
Q

FX OF WEAK NUCLEAR FORCE

A

Converting protons into neutrons
Releasing Radiation

113
Q

FX OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE

A

Forming atoms and molecules
Generating light

114
Q

FX OF STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE

A

Binding protons in atomic nuclei
Breaking the bond

115
Q

disintegrate into a stable isotope of different elements at a decreasing rate so that
the quantity of radioactive material never quite reaches zero.

A

radioisotopes

116
Q

radioactive material IN BQ

A

1 Bq =
disintegration of 1 atom each second.

117
Q

FORMULA OF DECAY CONSTANT

A

Formula: λ =
ln (2) / T1/2
or
0.693 / T1/2

118
Q

rate of decay of
radionuclides

A

Decay Constant

119
Q

Types of Half-life

A

Radioactive/Physical Half-Life :

time req for a quantity of Radioactivity to be reduced to one-half its original value

Biological Half-life (Tb):

The time required for the body to eliminate one-half of the administered dose by biological processes (perspiration, urine, feces, exhalation)

Effective Half-Life (Te):

time req for a radioactive elim in the body to be diminished by 50% as a result of the combined action of radioactive decay and biological
elimination.

120
Q

are manifestations of a single underlying electromagnetic
force.

A

Electricity and Magnetism

121
Q

X-ray Imaging System-

primary function:

A

convert electric energy into
electromagnetic energy

122
Q

study of stationary electric
charges

A

Electrostatics

123
Q

study of the distribution of
fixed charges

A

Electrostatics

124
Q

TYPES OF ELECTROSTATIC CHARGE

A

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL (V)

is potential energy per unit charge

1 V = 1 J/C

ELECTRIC CURRENT (I)

is one Coulomb of electric charge
flowing per second

1 A = 1 C/s

125
Q

Positive or negative

A

Electric charge

126
Q

Fundamental Unit (S.I.) of Electric charge

A

Coulomb (C)

1 C: 6 x 1018 electron charges

127
Q

Transfer or movement of an electron from one object to another object.

A

Electrification

128
Q

HOW IS Electrification CREATED

A

FRICTION: rubbed against another

CONTACT: touch, electrons move from one to the other

INDUCTION: the process of electrical fields acting on another without contact

129
Q

Most important method
(used in the operation of electronic devices)

A

INDUCTION:

130
Q

If object has too few or too many electrons

A

Electrified Object

131
Q

The object that behaves as a reservoir for stray electric charges

A

Electric Ground

132
Q

The electrostatic force is directly proportional to the product of the electrostatic
charges & inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them

A

Coulomb’s Law

133
Q

F =

A

= electrostatic force (N)

134
Q

k =

A

constant of proportionality (9x109 coulomb-meter)

135
Q

The lines of force that causes charged particles to move from one pole to another

A

Electric Field

136
Q

POINTS OUTWARD
POINTS INWARD IN Electric Field

A

Positive charge:
Negative charge:

137
Q

Unlike charges attract; Like charges
repel

A

REPULSION-ATTRACTION

138
Q

do not have an electric field

A

Uncharged particles

139
Q

Charges uniformly distributed at the surface

A

Distribution

140
Q

Sharpest curvature of a surface

A

Law of Concentration

141
Q

The force of attraction between unlike charges or repulsion between like
charges.

A

Electrostatic force

142
Q

IN Electrostatic force

▪ Directly proportional to the

▪ Inversely proportional to the

A

product of their charges

square of the distance between them

143
Q

Movement INElectrostatic Laws

A

Only (-) charges = move along the solid conductors

Protons = tightly bound inside the nucleus

144
Q

The study of electric charges in motion

A

Electrodynamics

145
Q

Work with electric current

A

Electrical Engineer

146
Q

Concerned with electron flow

A

Physicist

147
Q

Movement electrons along the wire

A

Electric Current

148
Q

Two Types of Current

A

Direct Current
Alternating Current

149
Q

Direct Current

A

E- flow only one direction
o Waveform: straight line

150
Q

Alternating Current

A

E- flow alternately in the opposite direction
o Waveform: sinusoidal

151
Q

Four States of Matter

A

CONDUCTOR : electrons flow easily

INSULATOR : not allow electron flow

SEMICONDUCTOR : insulator & as a conductor

SUPERCONDUCTOR : e- to flow W/O resistance

152
Q

Characteristics: CONDUCTOR

A

Variable resistance
▪ Obeys Ohm’s law
▪ Requires voltage

▪ Exs: copper (Z=29), aluminum (Z=13) & water

153
Q

Characteristics: INSULATOR

A

▪ Does not permit electron flow
▪ Extremely high resistance
▪ Necessary with high voltage

▪ Ex: glass, rubber & clay

154
Q

Characteristics: SEMICONDUCTOR

A

Can be conductive
▪ Can be resistive
▪ Basis for computers
▪ Ex: silicon (Si-14) & germanium (Ge-32)

155
Q

Characteristics: SUPERCONDUCTOR

A

No resistance to electron flow
▪ No electric potential required
▪ Must be very cold
▪ Ex: niobium (Nb-41) & titanium (Ti-22)

156
Q

demonstrated semiconduction

A

William Shockley (1946)

157
Q

The property of some matter to exhibit no resistance below a critical
temperature

A

Superconductivity (1911)

158
Q

A pathway that permits electrons to move in a complete circle from their source
through the various components & back again

A

Electric Circuits

159
Q

The flow of electrons through a conductor

A

Electric Current/Electricity

160
Q

Direction: always opposite the electron flow

A

Electric Current/Electricity

1 A: 1 C/s

161
Q

measured in ohms (Ω)

A

Electric Resistance

162
Q

More complex → the greater the resistance → decrease the electric current

A

T

163
Q

Ohm’s Law

A

V = IR

164
Q

2 Basic Types of Electric Circuit

A

SERIES CIRCUIT :

All circuit elements are connected in a line along the same conductor

PARALLEL CIRCUIT:

Elements connected at their ends rather than lying in a line along a conductor

165
Q

Magnetite

A

o Oxide of iron (Fe3O4)
o Lodestone or leading stone

166
Q

A fundamental property of forms of matter

A
167
Q

It has no smallest unit

A

Magnetism

168
Q

“Any charged particle in motion creates a electric field!”

A

F

MAGNETIC FIELD

169
Q

-A property created when electrons behave as if they rotate on its axis

A

Electron Spin

170
Q

-It is neutralized in electron pairs

A

Electron Spin

171
Q

-It creates a magnetic field

A

Electron Spin

172
Q

“The lines of a magnetic field are always open loop!”

A

F
CLOSED LOOP

173
Q

-A nuclear magnetic dipole created when a magnetic field is created by
spinning electric charge

A

Magnetic Moment

174
Q

-The basis of MRI

A

Magnetic Moment

175
Q

▪ Any material that produces a magnetic field
▪ Has north and south pole

A

MAGNETS

176
Q

Magnets that have two poles

A

BIPOLAR/DIPOLAR

177
Q

The small magnet created by the electron orbit

A

Magnetic Dipole

178
Q

An accumulation of many atomic magnets with their dipoles aligned

A

Magnetic Domain

179
Q

The ability of a material to attract the lines of magnetic field intensity

A

MAGNETIC PERMEABILITY

180
Q

has a high magnetic permeability

A

Iron

181
Q

has a low magnetic permeability

A

Wood

182
Q

The degree to which a material can be magnetized

A

MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY

183
Q

has a high magnetic susceptibility

A

Iron

184
Q

has a low magnetic susceptibility

A

Wood

185
Q

TYPES OF MAGNETS

A

NATURAL MAGNET: from the Earth
▪ e.g., Lodestone

ARTIFICIAL-PERMANENT MAGNET:
artificially-produced

▪ A bar or horseshoe-shaped magnet
▪ e.g., compass

ELECTROMAGNETS
▪ A coil of wire wrapped around an iron core that
intensifies the magnetic field

186
Q

“All matters can be classified into how it interacts with the ____________________ !”

A

external magnetic field

187
Q

FOUR MAGNETIC STATES OF MATTER

A

NONMAGNETIC – unaffected by MF
▪ Wood & glass

DIAMAGNETIC – weakly repelled from both poles of MF
▪ Copper, water & plastic

PARAMAGNETIC – Weakly attracted to both poles of MF
▪ Gadolinium (Gd-64): contrast agent in M.R.I.

FERROMAGNETIC – can be strongly magnetized

▪ AlNiCoFe (Al-12, Ni-28, Co-27) & iron (Fe-26)

188
Q

An excellent temporary magnet

A

Soft Iron

189
Q

MAGNETIC LAWS

A

Like = repel
Unlike = attract

Imaginary lines of MF

enter = south pole
leave = north pole

190
Q

force of attraction between unlike poles or
repulsion between like poles

A

Magnetic Force

DP = product of the magnetic pole strengths
IP = square of the distance between them

191
Q

Magnetic Field Strength

A

SI Unit: tesla (T)

Older unit: gauss (G)

1 T: 10,000 G

192
Q

He observed that a dissected frog leg twitched when touched by two different
metals

A

Luigi Galvani (1700’s)

193
Q

HE Contributed to the development of battery

A

Alessandro Volta

194
Q

precursor of modern battery

A

Voltaic Pile:

195
Q

A copper-zinc plate like a Dagwood sandwich

A

Voltaic Pile:

196
Q

Modern Battery:

A

carbon rod (+) & zinc cylindrical can (-)

197
Q

Any device that converts some form of energy directly into electric energy

A

Source of Electromotive Force

198
Q

He demonstrated that electricity could be used to generate magnetic fields

A

HANS OERSTED (1820)

199
Q

It determines the direction of the magnetic field

A

Right-Hand Rule

200
Q

A coil of wire

A

Solenoid

201
Q

A current-carrying coil of wire wrapped around an iron core

It intensifies the induced magnetic field

A

Electromagnet

202
Q

ADVAN OF Electromagnet

A

MF can be adjusted or
turned on & off

203
Q

An electric current is induced in a circuit if some
part of that circuit is in a changing magnetic
field

A

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Faraday and Oersted Experiment

204
Q

He observed the current in a changing magnetic field

He described the first law of electromagnetic induction

A

MICHAEL FARADAY

205
Q

MICHAEL FARADAY’S EXPERIMENT

A

Changing magnetic field induces current

o The magnetic field generates electricity

o Ammeter: measures current

206
Q

HANS OERSTED EXPERIMENT

A

Moving or spinning charges induces a MF

Electricity generates a MF

207
Q

ELECTROMAGNETIC DEVICES

A

ELECTRIC MOTOR :

electric current produces mechanical motion

ELECTRIC GENERATOR:

Mechanical motion produces an electric
current

TRANSFORMER

It changes the intensity of alternating voltage
& current

INDUCTION MOTOR

A type of motor used with x-rays tubes

208
Q

Applicable only on AC
▪ Turns ratio greater than 1

A

TRANSFORMER

209
Q

A type of motor used with x-rays tubes

▪ It powers the rotating anode of an x-ray tube

A

ROTOR

210
Q

-Stationary coil windings
(electromagnet)

-Situated in the protective housing but
outside the glass envelope

A

STATOR

211
Q

TRANSFORMER LAW

A

Voltage and number of turns
are directly proportional

211
Q

TYPES OF TRANSFORMER

A

CLOSED-CORE TRANSFORMER
SHELL-TYPE TRANSFORMER

212
Q

square core of ferromagnetic materials built up of laminated layers of iron

Reduced energy losses caused by eddy
current

A

CLOSED-CORE TRANSFORMER

213
Q

Has two-closed core

▪ Confines more of the magnet field lines

▪ More efficient than closed-core

A

SHELL-TYPE TRANSFORMER

214
Q

▪ Consists of one winding and one core

▪ Step up transformer

▪ Located in the operating console

▪ controls the kVp

A

AUTOTRANSFORMER

215
Q

consist of both electric and magnetic field waves.

waves oscillate in perpendicular planes with respect to each other and are in phase.

A

Electromagnetic waves

216
Q

The type of energy in x-rays, radio waves, microwaves & visible light

A

Electromagnetic Energy

217
Q

The smallest quantity of any kind of
electromagnetic energy

o It may be pictured as quantum

A

Photon

218
Q

o Waveform: sinusoidal fashion

o Quantum: a small bundle of energy

A

Photon

219
Q

Frequency

A

No. of cycles per second
✓ Equal to the number of crests or valleys that
pass the point of an observer per unit time.
✓ Inversely proportional to the wavelength.
✓ Symbol: f
✓ S.I. Unit: hertz (Hz)

▪ 1 Hz: 1 cycle/second

220
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance from one crest to another
✓ Distance from one valley to another
✓ Distance from one point on the sine wave to the next
corresponding point
✓ Unit: Lambda (λ)

o Inversely proportional to the frequency

221
Q
A

c: speed of light
✓ Constant SI Unit: 3 x 10^8 m/s
✓ Constant British Unit: 186,000 mi/s

222
Q

The width of a waveform
✓ It is not related to wavelength or frequency

A

Amplitude

223
Q

He showed that visible light has both electric & magnetic properties

A

James Clerk Maxwell (Late 19th Century)

224
Q

Three Wave Parameters

A

Velocity, Frequency & Wavelength

225
Q

used for both sound & electromagnetic energy

A

Electromagnetic Wave Equation

226
Q

He synthesized our understanding of electromagnetic radiation

A

Max Planck

1918: He received the Nobel Prize

227
Q

Planck’s Quantum Theory

A

XRS created with the speed of light (c)

XRS exist with velocity, or they
do not exist at all

228
Q

PLANCK’S CONSTANT

A

4.15 x 10-15 Ev-s

6.63 x 10-34 J-s

229
Q

They behave more like waves

A

Visible Light Photons

229
Q

They act more like particles

A

X-ray Photons

230
Q

Wave Particle duality

A

both wave & particle concepts must be
retained, because wave-like properties are exhibited in some
experiments & particle-like properties are manifested in others

230
Q

“Photons interact with matter most easily when the matter is approximately the same size
as the ______________________________!”

A

photon wavelength

231
Q

The reduction in intensity that results from
scattering & absorption

A

Electromagnetic Energy Attenuation

232
Q

Interaction Between Light & Absorbing Material

A

✓ Transparency: not at all (transmission)

o e.g., window glass

✓ Translucency: partially (attenuation)

o e.g., frosted glass

✓ Opacity: completely (absorption)

o e.g., black glass

233
Q

The structures that absorb x-rays

A

Radiopaque

234
Q

The structures that transmit x-rays

A

Radiolucent

235
Q

A continuum of
electromagnetic energy

A

Electromagnetic Spectrum

236
Q

Electromagnetic Spectrum

A

Energy: 10−12 − 1010eV

o Frequency: 102 -1024 Hz

o Wavelength: 10 7-10−16 m

237
Q

Radiofrequency

A

Range: 0.3 kHz-300 GHz

Range in M.R.I.: 1-100 mHz

Low energy & long wavelength

238
Q

Microwaves

A

Very-short wavelength R.F.

 Higher than broadcast R.F.

 Lower than infrared

 It is measured in cm

interacts with hotdogs & hamburgers

239
Q

Infrared

A

Longer λ than visible light \

 Shorter λ than microwaves

 It heats any substance on which it shines (radiant heat)

240
Q

Visible Light

A

occupies the smallest segment of the electromagnetic spectrum

241
Q

It is measured in nanometer
o It interacts with rods & cones of the eye
o Range: 400 nm (violet) to 700 nm (red)

A

Visible Light

242
Q

The wave of moving molecules

o It requires matter
o It cannot exist in a vacuum

Lies between visible light &
ionizing radiation

o It interacts with molecules

A

Ultraviolet

243
Q

produced by the decay from
high energy states of atomic nuclei.

o It comes from inside the nucleus of
a radioactive atom

o It is emitted spontaneously from
radioactive material

A

Gamma

243
Q

are used in medical imaging, radiation therapy, airport security scanners, and material characterization.

o It is emitted from the electron cloud
o It is produced in diagnostic imaging
systems
o It interacts with electrons

A

Xrays

244
Q

Sources of gamma

A

gamma decay from naturally occurring radioisotopes

secondary radiation from atmosphere interactions with cosmic ray particles;

lightning strikes

gamma-ray flashes

245
Q

3 Regions Important to Radiologic Science

A

Visible Light Region : viewing = dx
X-Ray Region: get hq img
Radiofrequency Region: MRI

Others
▪ U.V. light, infrared light, & microwave radiation

246
Q

difference between x-rays &
gamma rays

A

their origin!”

247
Q

DIFFERENCE B/N
VISIBLE LIGHT
RF
XR

A

“Visible light is identified by wavelength,

R.F. is identified by frequency,

x-rays are identified by energy!”

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