112.10

Question 1

Define nerve agents

Answer 1

Nerve agents produce effect by interfering with normal transmission of nerve impulses in the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system

Question 2

Characteristics of nerve agents

Answer 2

• odorless colorless liquid
• moderately soluble in water and fairly stable
• very effect solvents, penetrating cloth, leather and wood as either liquid or vapor
• rubber and synthetics such as polyester are much more resistant

Question 3

Signs and symptoms of exposure

Answer 3

Vapor exposure: constricted or pinpoint pupils

Skin exposure: local muscular twitching where agent was absorbed

Other symptoms: rhinnorea, dyspnea, diarrhea and vomiting, convulsions, hyper salivation, drowsiness, coma and unconsciousness

Question 4

Treatment for nerve agents

Answer 4

-When exposed you are issued three 2mg auto injectors of atropine and three 600mg auto injectors of 2-pam chloride

• delivered IM
• required therapy is continued at 15 minute intervals

Question 5

Self-aid of nerve agents

Answer 5

• if you experience mild symptoms immediately hold your breath and don protective mask
• administer 1 set of (atropine and 2-PAM CL) injections into lateral thigh or butt
• Hold in place for at least 10 seconds
• wait 10-15 seconds before administering a second set

Question 6

Define blister agents

Answer 6

Aka vesicants, exert primary action on the skin, producing large and painful blisters that are incapacitating. Although vesicants are classified as non lethal, high doses can cause death.

Question 7

Common types of blister agents

Answer 7

• Mustard (HD)
• Nitrogen Mustard (HN)
• Lewisite (L)

Question 8

Characters of mustard

Answer 8

• HN and HD are oily, colorless, or pale yellow liquids, and water soluble.
• Proceed in gradual, subtle, way with harmful effects
• Do not manifest for several hours after exposure
• attacks eyes and respiratory tract

Question 9

Signs and symptoms of exposure to mustard

Answer 9

• Eyes are the most vulnerable and often the first noticeable symptom.
• They will be in pain and feel gritty, accompanied by spastic blinking and photophobia
• Vapor or liquids may burn any area of the skin;but will be most severe in the warm sweaty areas of the body.
• blistering begins in 12 hours but may be delayed up to 48 hours

—primary cause of death is massive edema or mechanic pulmonary obstruction

Question 10

Treatment for mustard

Answer 10

• no specific antidotal treatment for mustard poisoning
• remove as much of the mustard as possible
• treat symptomstically

Question 11

Lewisite characteristics

Answer 11

Arsenical, blistering compound, light to dark brown liquid that vaporizes slowly.

Question 12

Signs and symptoms of Lewisite

Answer 12

Respiratory symptoms similar to those of mustard gas

Lewisite will cause intense pain upon contact

Question 13

Treatment for Lewisite

Answer 13

• Immediatey decontaminate eyes by flushing with copious amounts of water.
• sodium sulfacetamide, 30% solution, may be used within first 24 hours to combat eye infection
• British anti lewisite in severe cases

Question 14

Define blood agents

Answer 14

Interfere with enzyme function in the body (block o2 transfer)

Question 15

Characteristics of blood agents

Answer 15

• system poisons that produce casualties in very short amount of time
• almond like odor

Question 16

Types of blood agent

Answer 16

Hydrocyanic acid (AC)

Cyanogen chloride (ck)

Question 17

Signs and symptoms of blood agents

Answer 17

• death or recovery takes place rapidly

- respiratory and heart failure within minutes

Question 18

Treatment for blood agents

Answer 18

• amyl nitrate , crush 2 ampules and put in victims nose. Repeat every 8 minutes
• IV sodium thysulfate solution, 100-200mg given over 9 minute period

Question 19

Define choking agents

Answer 19

Cause extensive damage to alveolar tissue, resulting in severe pulmonary edema

Question 20

Types of choking agents

Answer 20

• phosgene (CG)
• chlorine(CL)
• chloropicrin
• diphosgene

Question 21

Phosgene (CG)

Answer 21

-colorless gas with distinctive odor similar to new mown hay or freshly cut grass

Question 22

Incapacitating agents

Answer 22

Produce mental confusion and inability to function properly

Question 23

Types of incapacitating agents, signs and symptoms and treatment

Answer 23

-BZ

S&s: abnormal inappropriate behavior

Treatment: prevent victim from injuring themselves

Question 24

Riot control/harassing agents

Answer 24

Collection of chemical compounds , used in low concentrations, used to harass enemy personnel and discourage riots.

Question 25

Lacrimators

Answer 25

Aka tear gas

-local irritant that act primarily in the eyes, in high concentration can also irrite the respiratory tract and skin.

Question 26

Common types of lacrimators

Answer 26

CS ( more potent, more widely used in military as riot control)

CN (standard for training)

Question 27

Treatment for lacrimators

Answer 27

• talking

- change clothes and wash hair

Question 28

Vomiting agents

Answer 28

Dispersed as aerosols and produce effects by inhalation or direct action to eyes

Question 29

Types of vomiting agents

Answer 29

Adamsite (DM)
DA
DC

Question 30

S&S and treatment of vomiting agents

Answer 30

S&s: violent, uncontrollable coughing, sneezing, vomiting and general malaise

Treatment: drain vomit and wash skin

Question 31

White Phosphorus

Answer 31

Pale, waxy solid that ignites spontaneously on contact with air to give a hot, dense, white smoke composed of phosphorus pentoxide particles