11.1 Lecture - Urinary System

Question 1

What does each lobe of the human kidney consist of?

Answer 1

Each lobe of the kidney consists of a cortex and a medulla

Question 2

What surrounds the lobes of the kidney?

Answer 2

the lobes of the kidney are surrounded by a connective tissue capsule, which forms an adventitia around the retroperitoneally located organ.

Question 3

Where does the renal artery, renal vein, and ureter enter the kidney?

Answer 3

The renal artery, renal vein, and ureter enter the kidney at the hilar region.

Question 4

What is responsible for the largest indentation of the kidneys shape? What is inserted there

Answer 4

The hilar region (hilum or hilus) is responsible for the largest indentation of the kidneys shape. The renal artery, renal vein, and ureter enter the kidney in the hilar region.

Question 5

What is in between the lobes of the kidney? What type of tissue is this?

Answer 5

Between the lobes of the kidney and continous with the hilium is a connective tissue space termed the renal sinus.

Question 6

what is within the renal sinus?

Answer 6

Within the renal sinus are the first branches of the major vessels and the distal branches of the ureter, the major calyces and minor calyces.

Question 7

What do the minor calyces separate?

Answer 7

The epithelial lined minor calyces separate the renal sinus from each lobes medullary region, shaping a structure termed the medullary pyramid

Question 8

The lumen of the calyx continues to extend into the medulla as a serious of small tubes called…

Answer 8

collecting ducts

Question 9

What are the openings into the minor calxy called?

Answer 9

The lumen of the calyx continues to extend into the medulla as a series of small tubes called collecting ducts, whose small openings into the minor calyx have been termed DUCTS OF BELLINI

Question 10

Where do the collecting ducts travel towards?

Answer 10

The collecting ducts branch as they travel radially outwards into the cortex of the kidney

Question 11

outer portion of the kidney is the

Answer 11

cortex

Question 12

inner portion of the kidney is the

Answer 12

medulla

Question 13

In the cortex a handful of collecting ducts travel together forming a structure called the

Answer 13

medullary ray

Question 14

what does the medullary ray define?

Answer 14

The medullary ray defines the center of a cortical lobule

Question 15

Where do the collecting ducts terminate?

Answer 15

the collecting ducts finally terminate in short, tangentially arranged collecting tubules.

Question 16

The entire epithelial lined lumen from collecting tubule, outward to the ureter, all originates from a single tubular embryonic epithelium formed from intermediate mesoderm, termed the…

Answer 16

mesonephric duct

Question 17

What is the mesonephric duct formed from?

Answer 17

formed from the intermediate mesoderm in the mesonephros region

Question 18

What are the three differentiations of the intermediate mesoderm?

Answer 18

cradially to caudally, pronerphros–> mesonephros–>metanephros.

Question 19

What becomes the tubules of the reproductive system? Where does this tissue come from? What type of tissue is it?

Answer 19

the mesonephric duct becomes the tubules of the reproductive system. The mesonephric duct comes from the mesonephros region of intermediate mesoderm.

Question 20

What gives rise to the ureteric bud? Where does this tissue come from?

Answer 20

the metanephros gives rise to the ureteric bud. This is the metanephros region that is formed after the degeneration of the mesonephros from cranial to caudal.

Question 21

What does the ureteric bud give rise to?

Answer 21

the ureteric bud gives rise to the bladder, the ureter and the adult human kidneys

Question 22

What type of tissue is the nephron derived from?

Answer 22

the nephron is derivived from the metanephric (mesonephros) tissue.

Question 23

What is contained within one lobe?

Answer 23

within one lobe are several lobules each organized around a central collecting duct.

Question 24

What is the collecting duct?

Answer 24

The collecting duct is a mesonephric tissue derived tubule that collects filtrate from numerous nephrons

Question 25

What tissues are mesonephric derived?

Answer 25

the ureteric bud, the ureter, the major and minor calyces, the collecting duct and the collecting tubules.

The nephron is metanephric tissue derived.

Question 26

What is a nephron?

Answer 26

A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney consisting of a glomerulus and its associated tubule though which the glomerular filtrate passes before emerging as urine.

Question 27

In the nephron where is the encapsulated capillary bed?

Answer 27

The encapsulated capillary bed is at its most distal end termed the glomerulus.

Question 28

The capillary bed of the nephron at its most distal end is termed the?

Answer 28

glomerulus.

Question 29

The glomeruli are located within the?

Answer 29

cortex

Question 30

The distance of the tubular portion of the nephron associated with the glomeruli depend on the?

Answer 30

the tubular portion of the nephron decends to varying depths in the medulla before turning around and again passing in close approximation to the originating glomerulus, and finally joining a collecting duct.

Question 31

The point of close approximation of the proximal nephric tubule with its originating glomerulus is the location of the structures collectively referred to as the?

Answer 31

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 32

What structures are important in transmitting signals about the efficiency of filtration?

Answer 32

the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 33

what specializations of the epithelial cells of the nephric tubule are included in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Answer 33

the juxtaglomerular apparatus includes specializations of the epithelial cells of the nephric tubule (MACULA DENSA)

Question 34

The nearby connective tissue that is included in the juxtaglomerular apparatus is termed the?

Answer 34

the nearby connective tissue is the extraglomerular mesangial cells or lacis cells.

Question 35

The juxtaglomerular apparatus incluses arterioles that enter and leave the glomerulus. What do these specialized smooth muscle cells secrete?

Answer 35

the juxtataglomerular appartus includes specializations from the smooth muscle lining of the arterioles that enter and leave the glomerulus (juxtaglomerular cells that secrete renin).

Question 36

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 36

a functional unit near a kidney glomerulus that controls renin release and is composed of juxtaglomerular cells and a macula densa