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Biology 6. Human Physiology > 11.1 Antibody Production and vaccination > Flashcards

11.1 Antibody Production and vaccination Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Any foreign molecule that can trigger an immune response is referred to as an antigen.

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2
Q

What are the most antigens?

A

Most common: - Proteins - Large polysaccharides

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3
Q

Where are antigens often found?

A

Found on cancer cells, parasites and bacteria

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4
Q

What dos the surface of our own cells contain?

A

Contains: Protein & polypeptides Immune systems function based on recognizing the distinction between “foreign” antigens and “self”

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5
Q

What is an important property of antigens?

A

Antigens are tumour specific. They are proteins or large polysaccharides Every organism has unique molecules on the surface of their cells

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6
Q

What do antigens in blood transfusion do?

A

Antigens on the surface of red blood cells stimulate antibody production in a person with a different blood group

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7
Q

What are blood groups?

A
  • Based on the presence or absence of certain types of antigens on the surface of red blood cells - ABO blood group and Rhesus (Rh) blood group are most important antigen systems in blood transfusions
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8
Q

How is immunity triggered in blood transfusion?

A
  • Mismatch between donor and recipient lead to an immune response - The immune response is called agglutination followed by hemolysis Red blood cells are destroyed and blood may coagulate in vessels
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9
Q

Are pathogens species specific?

A

Yes. Pathogens are organisms that cause diseases such as bacteria, virus, fungi… Pathogens can be species-specific although others can cross species barriers. Eg. Plant virus will not infect human, but bird virus like avian flu can infect human

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10
Q

How are T lymphocytes activated?

A
  1. pathogens ingested by macrophages through phagocytosis
  2. After destroying the pathogen, macrophage presents antigens from them on plasma membrane
  3. helper T cells (lymphocytes) recognizes the specific antigen with their antibody receptor (only a few fit) and binds to the antigen

This activates T lymphocytes

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11
Q

What is the “challenge and response” principle?

A

Is used to explain how the immune system produces the large amounts of the specific antibodies that are needed to fight infection, and avoid

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12
Q

How are B lymphocytes activated (after helper t cells are)

A
  1. activated helper T- cells bind to B-cells (lymphocyte). They are also specific and receptor proteins ONLY bind to selective antigens
  2. B cell is activated through binding (also through signalling protein)
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13
Q

How are plasma cells created (after B cell is activated)

A
  • When B cell is activated, it divides repeatedly to produce antibody secreting plasma cells. - Plasma cells are mature B lymphocytes that produce large number of antibodies (basically copies of B cells) - Some B cells also divide to produce memory cells - Antibodies from cloned B cells are specific to antigen on the pathogen
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14
Q

Interpret into Specific Immunity :

  1. Macro Guards immediately keeps the terrorist from invading any further and causing more damage
  2. Because there are so many, they need back up force, and thus notify what the terrorist look like
  3. The Tall police are relatively racist and only accept the notifications of black people attacking
  4. Once the police recognizes these specific black people, they notify the FBI.
  5. The FBI is also very picky and only accepts to fight against the poor black people
  6. Now that the FBI is in force, they are able to call in more troops much quicker to destroy the invaders
  7. Most of the FBI will go back to their normal positions, but a small group will be responsible for these specific invaders to not come back
A
  1. pathogens ingested by macrophages through phagocytosis
  2. After destroying the pathogen, macrophage presents antigens from them on plasma membrane
  3. helper T cells (lymphocytes) recognizes the specific antigen with their antibody receptor (only a few fit) and binds to the antigen
  4. activated helper T- cells bind to B-cells (lymphocyte). They are also specific and receptor proteins ONLY bind to selective antigens
  5. B cell is activated through binding (also through signalling protein)
  6. When B cell is activated, it divides repeatedly to produce antibody secreting plasma cells.
  7. Some B cells also divide to produce memory cells
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15
Q

By what do B cells divide?

A

Mitosis

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16
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

B cells divide many times to form a large population of clones of plasma cells that produce the same antibody type

17
Q

What does immunity to a infectious disease involve?

A

Having antibodies ready against specific pathogen, or memory cells that allow rapid production of these

18
Q

How can antibodies destroy pathogens?

A
  • opsonization
  • neutralization of viruses/bacteria
  • neutralization of toxins
  • activation of complement
  • aggulination
19
Q

What is opsonization

A

makes pathogens more recognizable to phagocytes (macrophages/B cells) They link pathogens to phagocytes

20
Q

Why do antibodies neutralize virus and bacteria ?

A

Prevents viruses from docking to host cells so they cannot enter cells

21
Q

Why do anti bodies neutralize toxins?

A

Pathogens may produce toxins that affect susceptible cells

22
Q

How do antibodies cause activation of complement?

A

when bound to pathogens, they activate a complement cascade so that the pathogens membrane forms pores that allows water/ions to enter and lyse (destroy the cell)

23
Q

How do antibodies cause agglutination?

A

antibodies cause pathogens to stick together which prevents them from entering cells and makes them easier to engulf by phagocytes

24
Q

how do vaccines lead to immunity?

A

Vaccines may contain a live weakened version of a pathogen, or some derivative that contains antigens from the pathogens (dead pathogen). This will naturally stimulate an immune response, so when the actual pathogen enters, it will be destroyed by antibodies from secondary immune response (memory cells)

25
Q

what is an example of the contributions of intergovernmental organizations can make to address issues of global concern?

A

Eradication of smallpox which was th first infectious disease of humans to be eradicated by vaccines

26
Q

Why was the eradication of smallpox so successful?

A
  • only humans can catch& transmit (no animal reservoir) - symptoms are readily visible - immunity is long lasting
27
Q

what is an example of a species specific pathogen?

A

Syphilis, polio and measles are only susceptible to humans, but we are immune to canine distemper virus because of our body temperature or receptors that could bring toxin into our cells.

28
Q

What is zoonosis?

A

pathogen that can cross species barrier

29
Q

How do allergic reactions occur?

A

This is the body’s both specific and non-specific response to an allergen. As not all allergens are actually harmful it is the body’s overreaction of the immune system

30
Q

What are the effects of releasing histamines?

A
  • itching -fluid build up - sneezing - mucus secretion - inflammation - allergic rashes - anaphylaxis (swelling)
31
Q

How can effects of allergies be lessened?

A

anti-histamines. These block histamines from binding to the blood vessels

32
Q

what is a monoclonal antibody?

A

highly specific purified antibody that is produced by clone of cells derived from a SINGLE cell and can only recognize ONE antigen

33
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

A
  1. antigens recognized by the antibody is injected into mouse
  2. The mouse undergoes specific immune response
  3. The B cells that produce the desired antibody are harvested
  4. The B cells are fused together with myeloma cells (cancer cells) to create hybridomas
  5. Hybridomas produce antibodies that replicate quickly
  6. Then the hydridoma cells that produce the wanted antibody is selected
  7. the cell replicates to produce monoclonal antibodies
  8. can be purified and treat disease
34
Q

For what are monoclonal antibodies used for in diagnosis?

A
  • pregnancy tests (check for hCG hormone in urine sample) - screening patients for malaria - blood and tissue typing for trans
35
Q

How do pregnancy tests employ monoclonal antibodies?

A

Monoclonal antibodies to hCG used for testing because hCG is specifically produced during pregnancy

36
Q

What are fused together to produce monoclonal antibodies?

A

B- cells and tumour cells (cancer cells)

37
Q

Why are antibiotics so effective against bactaria?

A

They block metabolic processes

Biology 6. Human Physiology (15 decks)

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