11.1, 11.2 Organic Chemistry, Nomenclature of Organic Compounds Flashcards
What is a hydrocarbon?
A compound containing carbon and hydrogen only
What makes a saturated hydrocarbon different to an unsaturated hydrocarbon?
Saturated hydrocarbons only have single bonds, unsaturated contains carbon-to-carbon multiple bonds
What is a homologous series?
A family of compounds with similar properties, whose successsive members differ by the addition of a -CH2- group
Why is it important to organise carbon compounds into families?
Because there are so many
What is a functional group?
The part of the organic molecule that is largely responsible for the molecule’s chemical properties
What is nomenclature?
A system of names or terms, or the rules for forming them.
What are the three terms that hydrocarbons can be classified as?
Alicyclic, aliphatic and aromatic
What does aliphatic mean?
Carbon atoms are joined to eachother in unbranched or branched chains, or non-aromatic rings
What does alicyclic mean?
Carbon atoms are joined to eachother in ring structures, with or without branches
What does aromatic mean?
Some or all of the carbon atoms are found in a benzene ring
Aromatic, alicyclic or aliphatic: “Some or all of the carbon atoms are found in a benzene ring”
Aromatic
Aromatic, alicyclic or aliphatic: “Carbon atoms are joined to eachother in ring structures, with or without branches”
Alicyclic
Aromatic alicyclic or aliphatic: “Carbon atoms are joined to eachother in unbranched or branched chains, or non-aromatic rings”
Aliphatic
What are the 3 key homologous series of aliphatic hydrocarbons?
Alkanes, alkenes and alkynes
What do alkanes contain?
Single carbon-to-carbon bonds
What do alkenes contain?
At least one double carbon-to-carbon bond
What do alkynes contain?
At least one triple carbon-to-carbon bond
What does the stem of a molecule’s name indicate?
The number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain in the molecule
What does the prefix of a molecule’s name indicate?
The presence of side chains or functional groups
What does the suffix of a molecule’s name indicate?
Functional groups
What is the alkyl group for an alkane with 9 carbons?
Nonyl
What is the alkyl group for an alkane with 5 carbons?
Pentyl
What is the alkyl group for an alkane with 7 carbons?
Heptyl
What is the alkyl group for an alkane with 10 carbons?
Decyl
How do you name alicyclic alkanes?
The same way you would when naming aliphatic alkanes, only add the prefix cyclo- in front of the stem to show that the carbon atoms are arranged in a ring structure.
What is the functional group of an alkene?
C=C
What is the functional group of an alcohol?
-OH
What is the functional group of a haloalkane?
-Cl, -Br, -I
What is the functional group of an aldehyde?
-CHO (C, with C-H bond and C=O bond)
What is the functional group of a ketone?
-(CO)- (A carbon with 2 C-R bonds, and one C=O bond)
What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid?
-COOH
What is the functional group of an ester?
-COOC-
What is the functional group of an acyl chloride?
-COCl (Carbon with one C-R, one C-Cl, one C=O)
What is the functional group of an amine?
-NH2
What is the functional group of a nitrile?
-CN
What is the suffix for an alkene?
-ene
What is the suffix for an alcohol?
-ol
What is the prefix for a haloalkane?
chloro-, bromo-, iodo-
What is the suffix for an aldehyde?
-al
What is the suffix for a ketone?
-one
What is the suffix for a carboxylic acid?
-oic acid
What is the suffix for an ester?
-oate
What is the suffix for an acyl chloride?
-oyl chloride
What is the suffix for an amine?
-amine
What is the prefix for an amine?
amino-
What is the suffix for a nitrile?
-nitrile
