110 Tactical measures

Question 1

Avoid all unnecessary movement

Answer 1

Remain motionless while observing. Anything in motion attracts the eye.
 Use all available concealment because it offers a low silhouette and makes detection by the enemy difficult.
 Expose nothing that reflects light.
 Blend with the background because contrasting colors are noticeable.
 Remain in the shade because moving shadows attract attention.
 Distort or change the regular outline of objects. Most military objects have distinctive shapes that make obvious shadows and silhouettes.
 Avoid the skyline. Figures on the skyline can be seen from great distances and are easily identified by their outlines.

Question 2

Methods of searching field of view

Answer 2

Off center method
Scanning method
Strip Method

Question 3

Off center method

Answer 3

The technique of viewing an object using daytime central vision is ineffective at night. This is due to the night blind spot that exists during low illumination. Marines must learn to use off-center vision. This technique requires viewing an object by looking 6 to 10 degrees above, below, or to either side of the object rather than directly at it.

Question 4

Scanning method

Answer 4

Scanning enables the Marines to overcome many of the physiological limitations of their eyes. It can also reduce confusing visual illusions. This technique involves looking from right to left or left to right using a slow, regular scanning movement as shown in figure 1. At night, it is essential to avoid looking directly at a faintly visible object when trying to confirm its presence.

Question 5

Strip Method

Answer 5

In daylight, look first at the ground
nearest you. Begin observing close to
your post and search a narrow strip 50
meters or less deep, going from right to
left parallel to your front. Then search
from left to right a second and similar
strip farther away, but overlapping the
first. Continue to observe until the entire
field of view has been searched as
shown in the below figure.

Question 6

Preserve Night Vision

Answer 6

When entering a lighted area or observing in a temporarily lighted area such as illumination and flares, one eye should be closed and covered to preserve its night vision.
 When the light goes off, fades, or the lighted area is exited, the night vision retained by the protected eye enables it to see until the other eye adapts to the darkness.
 Red light helps preserve night vision, but like white light, it can be observed at long distances.
 Factors that decrease night visual acuity include fatigue, lack of oxygen, long exposure to sunlight, alcohol, nicotine within the past 48 hours, and age.
 When night vision has been attained, straining will not improve effectiveness; however, practicing to identify objects at night will improve perception

Question 7

Enhancing Hearing

Answer 7

Hearing is amplified with the mouth open.
 Removing the helmet will reduce sound distortion.
 By holding the ear close to the ground, sounds of people walking and vehicles moving can be heard

Question 8

Five paragraphs of an operations of order

Answer 8

Situation
Mission 
Execution 
Administration and logistics
Command and signal

Question 9

Situation

Answer 9

Environment - weather, terrain, visibility, local population situation, and behavior as they impact on the patrol and enemy forces.
 Enemy Forces - consists of the composition, disposition, location, movement, capabilities, and recent activities of the enemy forces.
 Friendly Forces - a statement of the mission of the next higher unit, location and mission of adjacent units, and mission of non-organic supporting units that may affect the actions of the unit.

Question 10

Mission

Answer 10

A clear and concise Statement of the task that the patrol must accomplish

Question 11

Execution

Answer 11

Concept of Operations - the patrol leader’s brief summary of the tactical plan the patrol is to execute.
 Task organization of the patrol.
 Movement to the objective area to include navigation method.
 Actions in the objective area.
 The return movement to include navigation method.
 Use of supporting forces, including illumination if required.
 Subordinate Tasks (Missions). In each succeeding paragraph, missions are assigned to each element and any attached units.
 Coordinating Instructions. In the last paragraph, instructions that apply to two or more subordinate elements, coordination of details, and control measures applicable to the patrol as a whole.
 Time of assembly in the assembly area.
 Time of inspections and rehearsals that have not already been conducted.
 Time of departure and estimated time of return.
 Location of departure and re-entry of friendly lines,
 Details on the primary and alternate routes to and from the objective area.
 Details on formations and order of movement.
 Rally points and actions at rally points.
 Final preparation position and actions at this point.
 Objective rally point and actions at this point.
 Actions at danger areas/- Actions in the event of enemy contact.
 Details on actions in the objective not covered elsewhere.
 Estimate time of patrol debriefing upon return.

Question 12

Administration and Logistics

Answer 12

Rations and ammunition
 Location of the distribution point
 Corpsman and aid station
 Handling of prisoners of war
 Other administrative and supply matters

Question 13

Command and Signal

Answer 13

Special instructions on communications (prearranged signals)
 Password and countersign
 Radio call signs and frequencies
 Emergency signals
 Radio procedures
 Pyrotechnics
 Restrictions on the use of communications
 Location of patrol leader
 Location of assistant patrol leader

Question 14

Column Formation

Answer 14

Raise either arm to the vertical position. Drop the arm to the rear, describing complete circles in a vertical plane parallel to the body. The signal may be used to indicate either a troop or vehicular colum

Question 15

Echelon left/right

Answer 15

The leader may give this signal either facing towards or away from the unit. Extend one arm 45 degrees below the horizontal, palms to the front. The lower arm indicates the direction of echelon. (Example: for echelon right, if the leader is facing in the direction of the forward movement, the right arm is lowered; if the leader is facing the unit, the left is lowered.) Supplementary commands may be given to ensure prompt and proper execution.

Question 16

Skirmishers Left/Right

Answer 16

Raise both arms lateral until horizontal, arms and hands extended palms down. If it is necessary to indicate a direction, move in the desired direction at the same time. When signaling for fire team skirmishers, indicate skirmishers right or left by moving the appropriate hand up and down.

Question 17

Wedge Formation

Answer 17

Extend both arms downward and to the side at an angle of 45 degrees below the horizontal, palms to the front.

Question 18

Fire team

Answer 18

Right armed placed diagonally across the chest

Question 19

Squad

Answer 19

Extend the hand and arm toward the squad leader palm of the hand down distinctly move the hand up and down several times from the wrist

Question 20

Platoon

Answer 20

Extend both arms forward, palms of the hands down toward the leaders (or units) for whom the signal is intended, and describe large vertical circles with hands

Question 21

Close up

Answer 21

Start the signal with both arms extended sideward, palms forward, and bring palms together in front of the body momentarily. When repetition of this signal is necessary, the arms are returned to the starting position by movement along the front of the body.

Question 22

Open up / Extend

Answer 22

Start the signal with the arms extended in front of the body, palms together, and bring the arms to the horizontal position at the sides, palms forward. When repetition of this signal is necessary, the arms are returned along the front of the body to the starting position and the signal is repeated until understood.

Question 23

Halt/ Stop

Answer 23

Carry the hand to the shoulder, palm to the front; then thrust the hand upward vertically to the full extent of the arm and hold it in that position until the signal is understood.

Question 24

Dismount/Take cover

Answer 24

Extend the arm sideward at an angle of 45 degrees above the horizontal, palm down, and lower it to side. Both arms may be used in giving this signal. Repeat until understood

Question 25

Hasty Ambush left right

Answer 25

Raise fist to shoulder level and thrust it several times in the desired direction.

Question 26

Define the Acronym when constructing a fighting positon

Answer 26

S Security: Set up security before digging in.
A Automatic Weapons: Set up your automatic weapons so that they are oriented to the most likely avenues of approach.
F Field of Fire: Clear your fields of fire.
E Entrenchment: Dig in your position.

Question 27

Individual Fighting Position

Answer 27

The size and shape of the fighting hole are affected by certain important considerations. It is as small as practicable, exposing a minimum target to enemy fire; wide enough to accommodate the shoulders of a man sitting on the fire step; long enough to permit use of an entrenching tool; and at least 4 feet deep to the fire step. The Marine should be able to aim and fire his or her weapon when standing on the fire step.

Question 28

Two man fighting position

Answer 28

The two-man fighting hole consists essentially of two adjacent one-man fighting holes. In most types of soil, the fighting hole gives protection against the crushing action of tanks provided the occupant crouches at least 2 feet below the ground surface. In sandy or soft soils, it is necessary to revert the sides to prevent caving in. The soil is piled around the hole as a parapet, approximately 3-feet thick and ½-foot high,
leaving a berm or shelf wide enough for the Marine to use as an elbow rest while firing. If turf or topsoil is used to camouflage the parapet, the Marine first removes sufficient ground cover and sets it aside until the fighting hole is completed. Once complete, the ground cover can then be laid on the top and side of the parapet so that it will better blend in with surrounding ground

Question 29

Do’s and Don’ts of creating a fighting position

Answer 29

Do not disturb the natural concealment around your position while digging.
 Avoid creating fresh paths near the position.
 Use old paths or vary the route to and from the position.
 Camouflage the path if necessary.
 Marines at their fighting positions dig fighting holes.
 Fighting holes provide excellent protection against small arms fire, shell fragments, airplane strafing’s or bombings, the effects of nuclear detonations, and the crushing action of tanks.
 If not prescribed by higher authority, the squad leader will designate either one- or two-man fighting holes.
 The type of fighting hole used is based upon squad strength, fields of fire, size of squad sector of fire, and morale.

Question 30

Disadvantages of a two man fighting position

Answer 30

Since it is longer than the one-man type, the two-man fighting hole offers somewhat less protection against a tank crossing along the long axis, as well as less protection against strafing, bombing, and shell fragments.

Question 31

Advantages of a two man fighting position

Answer 31

It allows continuous observation, mutual assistance and reassurance, and the redistribution of ammunition between the occupants.

Question 32

Armor Protection level system

Answer 32

The intent of creating the Armor Protection Levels (APLS) is to enable commanders to tailor protective postures based on their estimate of the situation and/or based on guidance from service/joint/theater combatant commanders. The Marine Corps recognizes the operational requirement to move away from the one-size-fits-all approach in dealing with ballistic protection. Unit commanders must rely instead on mission analysis and military judgment in making critical decisions which affect the personal protective posture of their Marines, and take advantage of the full scalability that the family of Marine Corps personal protective equipment provides. The following APLS are established and apply to all Marine Corps issued body armor sets, including, but not limited to the Modular Tactical Vest (MTV), Outer Tactical Vest (OTV), Plate Carrier (PC), and Full-Spectrum Battle Equipment (FSBE).

Question 33

APL 0

Answer 33

No body armor worn

Question 34

APL 1

Answer 34

Vest/PC with soft armor only

Question 35

APL 2

Answer 35

Vest/pc with front and back armor plates

Question 36

APL 3

Answer 36

Vest/PC with Front Back and Side Hard Armor Plates

Question 37

Camouflage

Answer 37

Anything that you can use to keep yourself, your equipment, and your position from looking like what they really are. You can also use both natural and manmade materials for camouflage

Question 38

Cover

Answer 38

Anything that gives protection from bullets fragments of exploding rounds, flame, nuclear effects, and biological and chemical agents. Cover can also conceal you from enemy observation. Cover can be natural or manmade.

Question 39

Concealment

Answer 39

Anything that hides you from the enemy’s observations. Concealment does not protect you from enemy fire

Question 40

High Crawl is used when

Answer 40

Cover and concealment are available
Poor Visibility reduces enemy observation
Greater speed of movement is required

Question 41

Performing High crawl

Answer 41

Keep your body off the ground.
 Rest weight on forearms and lower legs.
 Cradle rifle in arms, keeping the muzzle off the ground.
 Keep knees well behind the buttocks to stay low.
 Move forward, alternately advancing right forearm and left knee, then left forearm and right knee.

Question 42

Low crawl is used when

Answer 42

Cover and concealment are scarce.
 The enemy has good observation over the area in which the scout is moving.
 Speed is not essential

Question 43

Performing the low Crawl

Answer 43

Keep your body as flat as possible against the ground.
 Grasp the rifle sling at the upper sling swivel.
 Let the balance of the rifle rest on the forearm and let the butt of the rifle drag on the ground.
 Keep the muzzle off the ground.
 Start forward by pushing your arms forward and pulling right leg forward.
 Move forward by pulling with arms and pushing with right leg. Change the pushing leg frequently to avoid fatigue

Question 44

Back Crawl

Answer 44

Slide head first, on your back.
 Push yourself forward with your shoulders and heels.
 Carry your weapon lengthwise on your body.

Question 45

Rush

Answer 45

When starting from the prone position
 Raise your head slowly and steadily and select a new position.
 Lower your head slowly, draw arms inward, cock right leg forward, and prepare to rush.
 Use one movement to raise the body by straightening both arms.
 Spring to your feet, stepping off with the left foot.
 Bend forward as low as possible when running.
 Never advance directly to the next position; always zigzag.
When hitting the deck
 Stop.
 Plant both feet in place.
 Drop quickly to the knees and slide the hand to the heel of the rifle.
 Fall forward, breaking your fall with the butt of the rifle. (To confuse the enemy, roll over after hitting the deck and roll into firing position with feet, knees, and stomach flat on the ground.)
 Keep your head down if you do not intend to fire.
When rolling over
 Hit the deck and assume the prone position.
 Bring the rifle in close to the body, placing the rifle butt in the crotch.
 Roll over swiftly to confuse any enemy observers as to your final intended location.
 Never reappear at the same place you went down.

Question 46

Night Walk

Answer 46

Place the heel down first. Balance the weight of your body on the rear foot until a secure spot is found.
 Lift the forward foot high to clear any stiff grass, brush, or other obstruction.
 Continue to balance body weight on the rear foot, lower the forward foot gently, and toe first, to explore the ground for objects that might make noise.
 Step over fallen logs and branches, not on them.
 Lower the heel of the forward foot slowly, gradually transferring body weight to that foot

Question 47

Creeping

Answer 47

Creep at night on the hands and knees.
 Use your hands to feel for twigs, leaves, or other substances that might make a noise.
 Clear a spot to place your knee.
 Keeping your hand at that spot, place your knee in the same spot.
 Keeping your hand at that spot, place your knee on the ground and repeat the action with the other hand and knee.

Question 48

Crossing a wall

Answer 48

Reconnaissance the wall before crossing.
 Quickly roll over the wall, keeping a low silhouette as shown in figure
 The speed of your movement and a low silhouette deny the enemy a good target.

Question 49

Observing around a Corner

Answer 49

Observe the area around a corner before moving beyond it.
 The most common mistake made at a corner is allowing the weapon to extend beyond the corner before observing, thereby exposing your position.

Question 50

Observing around a corner short stock technique

Answer 50

The shooter should be capable of both right-handed and left-handed firing of his or her weapon using this technique to be effective around corners.
 Short stocking the weapon will prevent the muzzle from protruding and keep the weapon ready to fire the instant visual contact is made with the enemy. Furthermore, it reduces the Marine’s exposure as a target.
 A common mistake when firing around corners is firing from the standing position. The shooter exposes him or herself at the height the enemy would expect a target to appear and risks exposing the entire length of the body as a target for the enemy

Question 51

Popping the corner technique

Answer 51

Get into a prone position near the corner of a building or obstacle around which to observe. The weapon is short stocked, and the muzzle is pointed in the direction you are looking. This allows you to engage a target, if necessary, when observing around a corner.
 Crawl to the corner but don’t expose yourself.
 Raise your upper body onto your elbows. Then push your body forward with your feet and legs without moving your elbows. Your upper body, with the weapon ready, will move forward.
 The final position will expose the weapon, your helmet, and a minimal amount of your face. Your forearms will come to rest on the deck giving you a low profile, the ability to observe around the corner, and the immediate capability to engage targets with your weapon

Question 52

Crossing a danger area

Answer 52

Open areas such as streets, alleys, and parks should be avoided. They are natural kill zones for enemy crew-served weapons. They can be crossed safely if certain fundamentals are applied by Marines and small-unit leaders.
 When using the correct procedure for crossing an open area, develop a plan for your own movement.
 Use smoke from hand grenades or smoke pots to conceal the movement of all Marines.
 Run the shortest distance between buildings and move along the far building to the next position. By doing so, you reduce the amount of time during which you are exposed to enemy fire.
 Before moving to another position, make a visual reconnaissance and select the position that offers the best cover and concealment. At the same time, select the route that you will take to get to that position.
 When moving from position to position, be careful not to mask your supporting fires. When you reach your next position, be prepared to cover the movement of other members of your assault force or element

Question 53

Determine patient precedence during Casevac

Answer 53

Casualties needing air CASEVAC will be given appropriate degrees of precedence so that, if aircraft space is limited, more urgent patients are evacuated before those whose conditions are less serious.
 The senior military person present makes the determination to request medical evacuation and assignment of precedence. This decision is based on the advice of the senior medical person at the scene, the patient’s condition, and the tactical situation.
 Assignment of medical evacuation precedence is necessary. The precedence provides the supporting medical unit and controlling headquarters with information that is used in determining priorities for committing their evacuation assets. For this reason, correct assignment of precedence cannot be overemphasized; over classification remains a continuing problem.
 Patients will be picked up as soon as possible, consistent with available resources and pending missions

Question 54

Urgent

Answer 54

Assigned to emergency cases that should be evacuated as soon as possible and within a maximum of 2 hours in order to save life, limb, or eyesight, to prevent complications of serious illness, or to avoid permanent disability.

Question 55

Priority

Answer 55

Assigned to sick and wounded personnel requiring prompt medical care. This precedence is used when the individual should be evacuated within 4 hours or his medical condition could deteriorate to such a degree that he will become an URGENT precedence, or whose requirements for special treatment are not available locally, or who will suffer unnecessary pain or disability.

Question 56

Routine

Answer 56

Assigned to sick and wounded personnel requiring evacuation but whose condition is not expected to deteriorate significantly. The sick and wounded in this category should be evacuated within 24 hours

Question 57

Convenience

Answer 57

Assigned to patients for whom evacuation by medical vehicle is a matter of medical convenience rather than necessity

Question 58

Criteria for selecting a helicopter for CASEVAC

Answer 58

Site should not contain high obstacles or debris, which will be blown by rotor wash.
 The site should offer some measure of protection for the vulnerable helicopter from enemy direct fire weapons.
 Terrain cover and an effective base of suppressive fire can provide this protection during the critical landing, loading, and departure phases of an evacuation conducted in forward battle areas.
 Flat open spaces and hilltops are good locations for a landing zone.
 All around security (360-degree perimeter defense) should be maintained at all times.
 Landing zones may have to be cleared by the platoon. Tools likely to be used would be chain saws, hatchets, K-bars, entrenching tools, and explosives such as TNT and C-4. In extreme cases, where single and double canopy exists, casualties may have to be evacuated by hoisting as the helicopter hovers overhead.