110- Lecture Flashcards
1
Q
What are some constituents of a cell wall?
A
Phospholipids and cholesterol
2
Q
T/F: Germ cells divide through mitosis
A
False
3
Q
What happens to a somatic cell during telophase?
A
Cells divide
4
Q
Define the word articulation in regard to the skeletal system
A
Connecting to-
Ex. The humerus articulates to the radius and ulna
5
Q
Muscles, regardless of type, share the characteristics of contractility, elasticity, __________ and ____________
A
Extensibility and excitability
6
Q
What are two ways that ‘materials” can cross a cell membrane?
A
Active transport
Passive transport
7
Q
During germ cell meiosis 4 daughter cells are produced with a _______ complement of chromosomes. The difference between the daughter cells of the male and a female is
A
8
Q
What cell component is important in protein assembly from amino acids?
A
9
Q
What is a system when referring to the body?
A
10
Q
T/F: The surface of stratified squamous epithelial cells can get nutrition through a fine blood capillary network
A
False
11
Q
Name four types of connective tissue
A
Connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous
12
Q
Muscle tissue is separated into two general categories. What are they?
A
Voluntary and involuntary
13
Q
T/F: Cortical bone has a spongy, disorganized appearance grossly but is arranged to provide added strength
A
False
14
Q
What cell type is responsible for removal of old or damaged bone?
A
Osteoclast
15
Q
How many cervical vertebrae does a giraffe have?
A
7
16
Q
Name the bones/bone groups in the forelimb of a cat
A
Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Sesamoids
17
Q
What is a foramen?
A
Opening through a bone
18
Q
What is a malleolus?
A
Small projection on tibia or fibula
19
Q
What is a fossa?
A
Small depression in a bone
20
Q
What is a trochanter?
A
Large projection on the femur
21
Q
T/F: The pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs are synovial points
A
False
22
Q
T/F: The tendon of a muscle attached to a relatively immobile bone is the insertion.
A
False
23
Q
Muscle contraction depends on the presence of what minerals?
A
Calcium
24
Q
The chemical responsible for transmitting a nerve action potential to a muscle is
A
Acetylcholine
25
T/F: Smooth muscle is missing actin and myosin
False
26
Define adduction
Moving towards the middle plane/body
27
Explain what will happen when a horsefly lands on the lateral thorax of a horse and explain why there is a difference when a fly lands on your side
The horse skin contacts/shakes which is the result of the cutaneous trunchi reflex- the skin of a horse a voluntary movement. Humans might feel a slight tickle- we dont respond reflexively. IDK IF THIS IS RIGHT LMK!!!
28
T/F: There are three layers of muscle on the lateral aspect of the abdomen
True
29
Name the three major cell components
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
30
Name two types of synovial joints
Hinge
Ball and socket
31
What bone articulates with and is distal to the tibia?
Talus
32
T/F: The heart is able to beat because it is controlled by a pacemaker that is controlled by the central nervous system
False
33
Define flexion
Decreasing the angle between bones
34
What is circumduction?
Movement of distal aspect in a circle
35
Define extension
Increasing the angle between bones
36
Define rotation
Turing on an axis
37
T/F: aerobic metabolism produces more energy in the form of ATP than anaerobic
True
38
Where can you locate visceral smooth muscle?
Intestines
Uterus
Urinary bladder
39
What is the vertebral formula for a cat?
7 cervical, 13 thoracic, 7 lumbar, 3 sacral, 18-23 caudal
40
Describe the microscopic difference between skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle
Skeletal- long, multinucelated
Cardiac- cells are short/branched, single nucleus, intercalated discs
41
What is a ligament?
Tough fibrous band of connective tissue connecting bone to bone
42
What is an aponeurosis?
Connective tissue that serves as an attachment for muscles to bone
43
What is the purpose of a lysosome?
Maintain cellular health
44
What is the purpose of cilia on the surface of an epithelial cell?
To aid in motion within the lumen of a tubular structure
45
What are two functions of nervous tissue?
-Transmission of signals
-processing information
46
The major functions of the nervous system are
Receive stimuli
Interpret a response
47
T/F: The autonomic nervous system has two components that essentially create opposite response in the body
True
48
Which of the glial cells is responsible for adding to the blood brain barrier in the central nervous system?
Astrocytes
49
The speed of transmission of a nerve impulse is influenced by
The amount of myelin insulation
50
What is a ganglia?
Nerve cell bodies outside the CNS
51
T/F: efferent nerves are sensory nerves
False
52
describe the process of depolarization of a nerve
53
T/F: Calcium is required in the process of neurotransmitter releases from the presynaptic nerve ending
True
54
Name the four lobes of the cerebral cortex
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Frontal lobe
55
How are the nervous and endocrine system connected?
Pituitary gland is part of the diacephalon of the brain is the master endocrine gland. The hypothalamus also connects because it transmits singles to secrete hormones
56
T/F :The rostral colliculi are the part of corpora quadrigemmina and are considered the area for hearing
False
57
What is not part of brain protection?
Purkinge cells
58
What is gray matter?
Accumulation of nerve cell bodies
59
What is a type of reflex activity?
Gagging when the pharyngeal wall is stimulated
60
Name two important neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
61
Define reflex
When a nerve is stimulated and sent to the spinal cord creating an unconscious response.
62
Proprioception is
Spatial awareness- knowing where the foot is
63
What is the cholinergic neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine
64
Pupillary dilation is caused by
Sympathetic nervous system stimulation
65
T/F: Heart valves function passively due to blood flow changes
True
66
T/F: blood has a regulatory role in temperature regulation
False
67
What is the primary difference between serum and plasma?
Plasma: the liquid portion of blood that remains when an anticoagulant is added to prevent clotting
Serum: the liquid portion of blood that remains after blood has clotted and the solid components (clot, blood cells, platelets) have been removed
68
Define erythropoiesis
Red blood cell production
69
What is a hypochromic macrocytic erythrocyte?
Pale enlarged RBC
70
Name two types of poikilocytes
Target cells
Stomatocytes
71
What is a reticulocyte
Young/immature red blood cell
72
Name the two agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
73
When would you expect to see an increase in eosinophils
Allergic reactions
Anti-inflammatory response
74
What happens in the heart when the first sound is heard?
The heart contracts- the av valves close
75
The formula for cardiac output is
CO = SV x HR
76
T/F: A positive inotrope increases the strength of cardiac contraction
TRUE
77
Name two functions of the lymphatic system
Limited debris filtration
Lymphocyte production
Return fluid to body
78
Is the pancreas not considered part of the lymphatic system?
NO.
79
T/F: an organ is considered a collection of tissues that form a structure to perform a specific function
TRUE
80
The cytoplasm of the cell contains various organelles. Which “small organ” is considered the power planet of the cell?
Mitochondria
81
Name one function of bones
Structure
Red blood cell production
82
Where do you find cortical bone
Hard outer surface of bone
83
The process of meiosis produces germ cells while mitosis produces somatic cells. How many cells results from meiosis of one cell?
4 daughter cells
84
What mineral is important in the contraction of skeletal muscle?
Calcium
85
T/F: strength of a skeletal muscle contraction is dependent on the number of muscle cells stimulated to contract
TRUE
86
Define respiration
Exchange of gasses between CO2 and O2
87
Define ventilation
Breathing
88
What drives oxygen from the atmosphere to enter the blood through alveolar and capillary walls and then from the blood into the tissues?
Concentration gradients/diffusion from high to low
89
What is the result of the lack of O2 in the tissues?
No atp
90
T/F: the inspiratory phase of respiration during normal activity is active
TRUE
91
What anatomic structure allows pressure equalization in the middle ear?
Eustachian tube- attaches to nasopharynx
92
Name the divisions of the upper respiratory system
Nares
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
I’m missing one more idk it was worth 5 points
93
The lungs are able to expand because of
Lung coupling to the thoracic walls and expansion of the chest
94
T/F: deglutition is to chew
False
95
How are mammals able to utilize the energy found in cellulose?
Cellulose produced by microorganisms that reside in the mammal Gi tract
96
T/F: A foregut fermenter eliminates most microorganisms responsible for fermentation and nutritional protein is obtained primarily from diet.
FALSE
97
Which accessory digestive organ is responsible for secretion of large amounts of bicarbonate?
Pancreas
98
Which digestive structure is found within the oral cavity proper?
Tongue
99
Dental formula for Adult cat
2x ( I 3/3, C1/1, P3/2, M1/1)
100
Dental formula for a rat
2x (I1/1, C0/0, P0/0, M3/3)
101
The food ingested by a patient moves through the tract by the action of
Peristalsis
102
What is function of the pylorus?
To regulate/move things out of the stomach into gi tract
103
Intestinal absorption of fats is dependent upon
Emulsification
104
T/F: The rat and hamster have the same number of teeth since they are rodents
TRUE
105
What is the purpose of villi and microvilli in the small intestines?
Increase surface area
Absorption
106
T/F: stomach motility is under control of the autonomic nervous system, hormones, and to some degree the contents of the stomach
TRUE
107
What is the purpose of bile?
Aid in digestion and absorption of fats by emulsification
108
T/F: arteries convert blood from the heart in every instance except going to the lungs
FALSE
109
T/F: One-way blood flow through veins is partially due to valves within the lumens
TRUE
110
Name four divisions of the vascular system
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Portal veins
111
What occurs during the diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle?
The heart relaxes; allows blood to flow in
112
What structure lies within the mediastinum and surrounds the heart?
Pericardium
113
T/F: when listening to the heart, the first sound is the atrioventricular valves closing
TRUE
114
List two ways that cardiac output can be changed
Change heart rate
Change stroke volume
115
Which lymphocyte produces antibodies?
B cells
116
Name the Parts of an ECG wave and what they represent in the cardiac cycle
P wave- atrial depolarization
QRS Complex- ventricle depolarization
T wave- ventricle/atrial repolarization
117
The life span for a red blood cell ranges from
2-5 months
118
Define hematocrit
% of rbc’s
119
What is hypochromic?
Altered color of RBC’s due to changed amount of hemoglobin
120
An increase in MCV means
Red blood cells are larger than normal
121
T/F: an efferent neuron is also known as a sensory neuron
FALSE
122
T/F: the blood brain barrier functions to keep certain things out of the brain
TRUE
123
T/F: neutrophils are commonly increased in cases of parasites and allergies
FALSE
124
T/F: the lymphatic system transports fats and tissue fluids to the vascular system
TRUE
125
What is the function of stratified squamous epithelial?
Protection
126
T/F: all muscle, even smooth, contracts through the interaction of actin and myosin
TRUE
127
The increase in length of long bones occurs at what location?
Epiphyseal plate
128
T/F: vertebral bones are classified as irregular bones
TRUE
