1.1 What is psychology

Question 1

psychology

Answer 1

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Question 2

Behavior

Answer 2

includes actions, feelings, and biological states such as sleeping

Question 3

Mental processes

Answer 3

include problem solving, intelligence, and memory,

Question 4

Correcting Common Misconceptions About the Field of Psychology

Answer 4

may have the impression that psychology is all about how you feel and how you can feel better. Although a large proportion of psycholo- gists counsel or otherwise treat clients, most of these professionals hold a doctorate degree in psychology

Question 5

The main goals of psychology and psychological research

Answer 5

● To describe behavior To predict behavior

● To explain behavior To control or change behavior

Question 6

Scientific Method

Answer 6

the scientific method when testing ideas about behavior.

Question 7

Outline the steps of the scientific method

Answer 7

1. Define and describe the issue to be studied (a prediction)
2. Form a testable hypothesis
3. Choose an appropriate research strategy.
4. Conduct the study to test your hypothesis.
5. Analyze the data to support or reject your hypothesis.

Question 8

A predictive hypothesis

Answer 8

1. makes a specific prediction or set of predictions about the relationships among variables.
2. description and prediction
3. are made when the researcher measures the variables of interest but does not manipulate or control the variables in the study.

Question 9

causal hypothesis

Answer 9

1. specifically states how one variable will influence another variable.
2. Tester only
3. researcher is able to control or manipulate the main variables in a study
4. can only be tested by means of an experiment.
5. a researcher must be able to conclude how one variable affects or causes a change in another variable.

Question 10

Observational

Answer 10

naturalistic studies are predominately used to achieve the goals of description and predic- tion. In their observational study, Campos et al. found that although both mothers and fathers

researchers attempt to minimize reactivity to ensure that they are observing the true behavior of their participants.

Question 11

Surveys

Answer 11

knowing which behaviors are related to a higher frequency of illness enables a psychologist to predict who is more at risk for physical or mental illness. However, who you ask to complete a survey and how you ask them are critical elements in distinguish- ing good survey research from biased research.

surveys are advantageous in that they allow psychologists to pose a lot of questions to a large sample of people. Accurate information can be gathered in a relatively short period of time.

it can be used only to describe and predict behavior

Question 12

survey meaning

Answer 12

a research method that asks a large group of people about their attitudes, beliefs, and/or behaviors

Question 13

Correlational

Answer 13

The researcher does not control variables but rather measures them to see whether any reliable relationship exists between them.

correlation coefficient— a statistic that tells us how strong the relationship between two factors is.

Question 14

positive correlation

Answer 14

means that as one variable increases, the other variable also tends to increase; or as one variable decreases, the other variable tends to decrease

Question 15

negative correlation

Answer 15

as one variable increases, the other variable tends to decrease in what is referred to as an inverse relationship.

Question 16

Correlational studies

Answer 16

enable research- ers to make predictions about behavior, but they do not allow us to draw cause- and-effect conclusions

Question 17

experiment

Answer 17

a research method that is used to test causal hypotheses

causal conclusions are limited.

Question 18

Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Experiments

Answer 18

1. Experiments have sev- eral advantages.
2. explaining and changing behavior
3. Experiments also have disadvantages
4. describing and predicting behavior

Question 19

Ethical Principles of Psychological Research

Answer 19

psychologists affiliated with universities and colleges in the United States cannot conduct research unless their research proposal has passed review by an Institutional Review Board (IRB) (or human research ethics committees (HRECs) in other countries). The function of the IRB or HREC is to ensure that the research study being proposed conforms to a set of ethical standards or guidelines.

Question 20

debriefing

Answer 20

the ethical principle that participants be fully informed of the nature of the study after participating in research involving deception

Question 21

Ethical Principles of Psychological Research include

Answer 21

1. Institutional Review Board (IRB)
2. informed consent
3. confidentiality

Question 22

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Answer 22

a committee that reviews research proposals to ensure that ethical standards have been met

Question 23

informed consent

Answer 23

the ethical principle that research participants be told about various aspects of the study, including any risks, before agreeing to participate

Question 24

confidentiality

Answer 24

the ethical principle that researchers do not reveal which data were collected from which participant

Question 25

figures that influenced psychology’s development.

Answer 25

American Margaret Washburn (1871–1939), became the first woman to earn a doctorate in psychology.

Question 26

seven modern perspectives

Answer 26

1. biological,
2. evolutionary,
3. psychodynamic,
4. behavioral,
5. sociocultural,
6. humanistic,
7. cognitive.

Question 27

biological perspective

Answer 27

look for a physical cause for a particular behavior. psychologists examine genetic, biochemical, and nervous system (brain functioning) relationships to behavior and mental processes.

also a branch of science referred to as neuroscience.

Question 28

evolutionary perspective.

Answer 28

proposes that natural selection is the process that explains behaviors.

Behaviors that increase your chances of surviving are favored or selected over behaviors that decrease your chances of surviving

Question 29

psychodynamic perspective

Answer 29

focuses on internal, often unconscious mental processes, motives, and desires or childhood conflicts to explain behavior by Freud

Question 30

behaviorism

Answer 30

a psychological perspective that emphasizes the study of observable stimuli, responses, and consequences

Behavior is the most important aspect as it can be learned,observed and measured

Watson was influenced Pavlov and Skinner

Question 31

behaviorism is the product of

Answer 31

Stimulus

Response

Question 32

stimulus

Answer 32

any object or event that is perceived by our senses

Question 33

response

Answer 33

an organism’s reaction to a stimulus

Question 34

behavioral perspective

Answer 34

an approach that focuses on external, environmental influences on behavior

Question 35

sociocultural perspective

Answer 35

an approach that focuses on societal and cultural factors that may influence behavior

Question 36

humanistic perspective

Answer 36

an approach that focuses on how an individual’s view of him or herself and the world influences behavior

humanists are Abraham Maslow and Carl Roger✳️

psychologists who adopt a humanistic perspective explain behavior as stemming from your choices and free will

Question 37

cognitive perspective

Answer 37

an approach that focuses on how mental processes influence behavior

Question 38

Specialty Areas in Psychology

Answer 38

This diversity stems from the complexity of behavior and the interrelatedness of different areas.

What a developmental psychologist studies, for example, is connected to and may have an impact on the work of social, clinical, and educational psychologists.

Question 39

women and minorities

Answer 39

women and minority individuals contributed significantly to the field.

Margaret Washburn became the first woman to be awarded a doctorate in psychology in 1894 (Furumoto, 1989)

Mary Calkins (1863–1930) became the first female president of the American Psychological Association in 1905. She studied at Harvard University with William James and performed several studies on the nature of memory.

Christine Ladd-Franklin (1847–1930) studied color vision in the early 1900s. Karen Horney (1885–1952) focused on environmental and cultural factors that influence personality development

(in 1920) and is known as the father of African American psychology for his many contributions to the education of Black people. Francis Sumner

Question 40

Structuralism

Answer 40

An early psychological perspective concerned with identifying the basic elements of experience

a term coined not by Wundt but by his student Edward Titchener.

Question 41

Introspection

Answer 41

Observing one’s own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

Ignore what his object is, and instead, describe your conscious experience of it.

Wundt’s and Titchener’s research went beyond introspection and structuralism

Question 42

Psychoanalytic theory

Answer 42

Sigmund Freud’s view that emphasizes the influence of unconscious desires and conflicts on behavior

Libido

Question 43

Gestalt

Answer 43

To understand consciousness, we must study the whole, not just its component parts.

Question 44

theory

Answer 44

an explanation of why and how a behavior occurs

Question 45

critical thinking

Answer 45

thought processes used to evaluate and analyze information and apply it to other situations

Question 46

functionalism

Answer 46

an early psychological perspective concerned with how behavior helps people adapt to their environment by James